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So, the results have been calculated, taxes have been paid, and net profit has been determined.
And everything seemed to work out so beautifully, the period was closed with the treasured credit balance on the 84th account. But there is no need to rush into making a decision on paying dividends. First you need to analyze a number of indicators that allow the payment of such income. For example, if a company has recently been created and profits are being distributed for the first time, you need to check whether the authorized capital is fully paid up. If there are participants who have not contributed their share, payment of dividends is impossible. Next, you need to calculate the value of net assets, the procedure for determining which was approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated August 28, 2014 No. 84n. If this indicator turns out to be less than the cost of the authorized capital, the profit is not distributed. It is also worth paying attention to the fact that the value of net assets should not be lower than the authorized capital even after payment of dividends.

In practice, there are situations when a profit is generated at the end of the reporting period, but in fact there are no funds to pay dividends. There are many reasons for this situation, and most of them lie in the accounting methodology itself. Therefore, you need to make sure that the organization’s current account has or will soon have money to pay income to participants.

note

From January 1, 2015, the personal income tax and income tax rate on dividends received by residents of the Russian Federation was increased to 13 percent. Let us remember that last year dividends were taxed at a rate of nine percent.

When can dividends be paid?

In accordance with the law, a limited liability company can distribute profits quarterly, every six months or every year (Clause 1, Article 28, Law No. 14-FZ dated 02/08/1998). The maximum payment period is 60 days from the date of the decision. Participants can independently determine the payment period by specifying it in the company’s charter or in the decision on the distribution of profits. If information about the timing is not documented, then dividends must be paid within 60 days.

But what to do if the deadline for dividend payments has passed, and the participants still have not seen their money? In this case, the founders have the right, within three years after the end of the payment period, to contact the company with a demand to receive their share of the income. By the way, the period can be extended to five years if this is specified in the company’s charter.

Dividends - what are they?

Dividends are represented by a fairly high and frequent income of the shareholder, received by him from the company during the distribution of earned profits remaining after the repayment of numerous obligatory payments. Their payment is carried out taking into account the most important conditions:

• the entire authorized capital has been fully reimbursed;
• shares were purchased by individuals or companies;
• the organization is not on the verge of bankruptcy and this procedure is not being carried out;
• by the day when payment is scheduled, the company's assets must be equal to or greater than the authorized capital.

Even the presence of all these conditions does not serve as a basis for paying dividends, since the financial condition of the organization can deteriorate at any time, so its position at the time of the decision is assessed.

What are dividends? Photo: myshared.ru

Who gets

Typically, payments on shares are not large, and they also depend on the number of securities held by one shareholder. Dividends are paid:

• To the founders of the organization. They receive some share of the profits based on the information contained in the minutes of the meeting. It is this information that is used to assign payments and reflect them in accounting. If the company has only one shareholder, then he independently makes this decision, and it is formalized in writing. This payment is subject to tax equal to 9% of the amount of money paid.
• To the shareholders of the company.
  Shareholders who do not participate in the process of carrying out the company's activities receive money. Payments are made in cash or by transferring money to the shareholder's bank account. Dividends may be paid in shares of other organizations.
• Employees of the company. To accrue dividends to employees, a special protocol must be drawn up. Workers in the company's accounting department create payroll records and also withhold taxes from these payments.

Important! Employees of an organization can receive dividends only if they own shares of this company.

Legislative regulation of dividend payment

When assigning these payments, numerous legislative acts are taken into account:

• Federal Law No. 208. It contains all the principles on the basis of which dividends are paid by various joint stock companies. This process can be carried out once a year or quarterly. Dividends can be in the form of money or any material assets. They are appointed exclusively after the meeting. It resolves issues regarding the form of dividends, the order of their payment, and also determines the date of payment.
• Federal Law No. 120. Contains a definition of a meeting of shareholders, and also describes the basic conditions and rules for holding this event. It is taken into account that if there is an insufficient number of shareholders, then a decision to assign dividends is prohibited.
• Order of the Federal Property Management Agency No. 524. It contains information that makes the dividend policy of any company simplified and clear. The principles of the state on the basis of which dividends are assigned are indicated. This allows you to conduct your dividend policy transparently and in accordance with strict rules and requirements.
• Federal Law No. 210.
  Various points related to the payment of dividends to participants in specialized closed organizations are described. There is also information about holding special meetings for these companies. Such a meeting is considered to have taken place even if all present shareholders have only 40% of the shares. The company's charter may specify how often such meetings can be held. Money can be paid annually or once every 9 months, twice a year or every quarter.
• Federal Law No. 282. Contains information about the rules for creating a company's dividend fund, as well as the rules for distributing income among all shareholders. This act contains information that all shareholders can be divided into two groups. The first group includes the largest shareholders who have the opportunity to influence the work and development of the organization, as well as the policies used by its management. All other shareholders belong to the second priority, and they usually do not receive very high profits, and also cannot significantly influence the development of the company.
• Federal Law No. 379. The document defines how dividends are calculated, as well as the time frame for transferring money to the participants of the enterprise. Their distribution is handled by a trustee, who, in turn, must receive the money within 10 days after a decision is made regarding the allocation of funds. Then 25 days are given for all the money to be distributed among the shareholders.

The rules for paying dividends are described in this video:

Thus, each joint stock company, in the process of assigning and paying dividends, must take into account all the rules and regulations contained in the above acts and laws.

Important! Violation of the law leads to the need for the company to bear responsibility for illegal actions, and this can be not only administrative, but also criminal.

What cannot be classified as dividends

There are certain payments that cannot be classified as dividends. These include:

• Payment of money to the auctioneer in the process of reorganization or liquidation of the organization, and these funds should not exceed the size of his share in the capital.
  This process is called buying back all shares owned by shareholders. Such payments cannot be counted as dividends, so citizens simply receive back the funds invested in the company.
• Transfer of company shares by shareholders. So citizens can pay each other in property. To carry out the procedure, a special act must be drawn up. Such calculations may not apply to dividends, but the transaction has an impact on future payouts.

Thus, the above two situations should not be confused with receiving dividend payments.

Amount and form of dividend payments

Profit is distributed among the participants in proportion to their shares contributed to the authorized capital. In other words, if a participant's share is 25 percent, then he will receive income within his 25 percent of the distributed profit. However, the charter may prescribe a different procedure for paying dividends, regardless of the size of the participant’s share. This procedure must be prescribed in the constituent document at the stage of creation of the organization or through amendments.

Currently, the list of participants and their shares is not required to be reflected in the charter. Therefore, it is enough to state here that profits are distributed disproportionately to shares in the authorized capital. Data about the participants and the ratio in which they will receive income can be fixed in the agreement on establishment or directly in the decision on the distribution of profits.

Important

If interim dividends were paid in 2014, and personal income tax was withheld and transferred from them at a rate of nine percent, then there is no need to recalculate the tax at the increased rate. The new tax rate (13 percent) applies to payments made directly in 2015.

Participants can receive their income both in cash and in kind. The law does not oblige the founders to prescribe in the charter the method of paying dividends. Therefore, the form of payment of participants’ income can be specified in the decision.

Profit distribution decision

The decision on the distribution of profits is made by a majority vote at the general meeting of participants and is documented in minutes or by a decision of the sole participant.

The protocol (decision) must contain information such as:

• period profits are distributed;
• the amount of profit to be distributed;
• proportions of distributed profits;
• participants who are due payment of dividends, indicating the amount of such payment;
• timing of income payment;
• form of dividend payment.

Participants have the right to indicate other information in the document if, in their opinion, it can provide clarity and help avoid conflicting situations in the future.

After the dividend payment procedure has been carried out, it must be properly reflected in accounting and tax accounting.

Taxation of dividends has its own characteristics, which an accountant must remember. After all, for example, the composition of participants and the form of distributed profits determine what taxes society will ultimately have to pay. Let's look at this in more detail.

Participants – individuals

So, if the participants of the company are individuals, then payments in the form of dividends are subject to personal income tax at the following rates (Article 224 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

• 13 percent when paying income to persons who are residents of the Russian Federation;
• 15 percent when paying income to persons who are not residents of the Russian Federation.

It should be noted that when calculating personal income tax at a rate of 13 percent, tax deductions do not apply to “dividend” income (Article 210 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Therefore, the tax base for income in the form of dividends should be formed separately from other income.

Participants-legal entities

If there are legal entity participants in the organization, the company has an obligation to pay income tax at the following rates:

• zero percent on dividend payments received by Russian organizations. An organization can take advantage of the benefit if a number of conditions are met, namely: on the date of the decision to pay income, the company must own a 50 percent share (or more) in the authorized capital. The period of ownership of shares is at least 365 calendar days, and it must not be interrupted. Or the company owns depositary receipts that give it the right to receive dividends, the amount of which corresponds to at least 50 percent of the total amount of dividends paid;
• 13 percent on income received in the form of dividends from Russian and foreign organizations. This rate is used by Russian companies that do not have the right to use the 0 percent rate;
• 15 percent on income received in the form of dividends by foreign organizations from Russian companies.

All organizations must pay income tax on dividends, regardless of their tax system.
Example 1
Olympus LLC decided to distribute profits in the amount of 100,000 rubles. The organization consists of three members:

• Petrov P.P., resident of the Russian Federation, share in the authorized capital – 35 percent;
• Fedorov F.F., resident of the Russian Federation, share in the authorized capital - 20 percent;
• Meridian LLC, resident of the Russian Federation, share in the authorized capital – 45 percent.

The calculation of dividends of participants and taxes due to Olympus LLC is summarized in the table:

The situation discussed in this example is most typical for Russian realities, when the organization paying dividends did not itself receive dividends, and its members include participants who are residents of the Russian Federation.

If the company is also a recipient of dividends, then the withholding tax is calculated in accordance with paragraph 5 of Article 275 of the Tax Code:

N = K x CH x (D1 – D2)

,

where N is the amount of tax subject to withholding;

K – the ratio of the amount of dividends subject to distribution in favor of the taxpayer-recipient of dividends to the total amount of dividends subject to distribution by the Russian organization;

Сн – tax rate (13%);

D1 – the total amount of dividends to be distributed by the Russian organization in favor of all recipients;

D2 – the total amount of dividends received by a Russian organization in the current reporting (tax) period and previous reporting (tax) periods, provided that these dividend amounts were not previously taken into account when determining the tax base. When calculating this indicator, dividends received from organizations that apply a profit tax rate of zero percent are not taken into account.

Using this formula, personal income tax and income tax on dividends of Russian participants are calculated. If among the participants of the organization there are non-residents of the Russian Federation, then taxes are calculated in accordance with paragraph 6 of Article 275 of the Tax Code:

Tax = Amount of dividends paid x 15%
Example 2
Olympus LLC received dividends from Nimfa LLC on March 1, 2015 in the amount of 50,000 rubles. At the general meeting, the participants of the organization decided to distribute profits in the amount of 100,000 rubles. and payment of dividends in the following amounts:

• Fedorov F.F. - 35,000 rubles. (is a resident of the Russian Federation);
• Pitridi K. - 20,000 rubles. (not a resident of the Russian Federation);
• LLC "Meridian" - 45,000 rubles. (is a resident of the Russian Federation).

The company's net profit is distributed among participants in proportion to their shares in the authorized capital. There are no grounds for applying a zero rate for income tax.

First, let's calculate the amount of taxes that the organization will have to withhold from dividends of Russian resident participants:

The total amount of dividends paid in favor of Russian participants is 80,000 rubles. (35,000 + 45,000).

Personal income tax on dividends from Fedorov F.F.:

35,000 rub. : 80,000 rub. x 13% x (80,000 rub. – 50,000 rub.) = 1,706 rub.

The participant will receive dividends in the amount of RUB 33,294. (35,000 – 1706).

Income tax on dividends of Meridian LLC:

45,000 rub. : 80,000 rub. x 13% x (80,000 rub. – 50,000 rub.) = 2,194 rub.

An amount equal to RUB 42,806 will be credited to the company’s account. (45,000 – 2194)

Let's calculate the amount of tax that an organization must withhold from dividends of a non-resident participant of the Russian Federation.

Personal income tax on dividends Pitridi K.:

20,000 rub. x 15% = 3000 rub.

The participant will be paid dividends in the amount of 17,000 rubles. (20,000 - 3000).

Withheld taxes will need to be transferred to the budget within the following time frames:

• Personal income tax - no later than the day of payment of dividends to the participant (clause 6 of article 226 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
• income tax - no later than the next day after the transfer of dividends to the participant (clause 4 of article 287 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

We remind you that the company must report to the tax authorities on the amounts of taxes withheld.

When paying dividends to an organization, an income tax return is filled out, consisting of a title page, subsection 1.3, section. 1 and sheet 03. It must be submitted no later than the 28th day of the month following the reporting period in which the income was paid.

Dividends paid to individuals are reflected in certificate 2-NDFL, which must be submitted before April 1 of the year following the year of payment of income.

How are dividends calculated?

They are calculated in the correct sequence of actions:

• A meeting of shareholders is held. It resolves various organizational issues regarding the payment of funds, sets a date for their transfer, and also resolves other problems related to this process.
• A special protocol is drawn up, and an order for the calculation of dividends is issued.
  Their size depends entirely on the share of each shareholder in the authorized capital of the organization. Often the calculation uses a formula that involves multiplying net income by the percentage of a particular shareholder's share. It is considered simple, and is usually used by LLCs operating under simplified tax regimes. For OJSC or CJSC, more complex formulas are usually used. Calculations must be carried out before the registry is closed. Taxes and various fees are immediately deducted from the calculated amount.
• The date for payment of dividends is set, and it is allowed to pay them not only in cash, but also in various shares of other organizations, as well as other property. This issue should be discussed directly at the meeting of shareholders.

How are dividends paid? Photo: ppt-online.org

Important! It is permissible to assign dividends without taking into account the shareholders' share in the authorized capital, but such a feature must certainly be indicated in the company's charter. It is possible to create a company by one founder.

He independently draws up a resolution indicating the payment of dividends to himself. The legislation does not contain any specific features required for the form of a protocol drawn up by one founder.

How are dividends reflected in company tax accounting?

In Art. 275 of the Tax Code specifies information on how these payments should be reflected in the tax accounting of organizations. To calculate the tax payment, the following steps are performed:

• the tax amount for all payments is calculated;
• the resulting value is distributed proportionally among shareholders.

Important! Only dividends for which the company acts as a tax agent, which were received by the organization's participants in the previous tax period and in the current one, are taken into account for tax accounting.

There is a possibility of receiving a negative value when calculating tax, in which case it is not required to pay it.

When funds are paid

At the meeting, a decision is made on the payment of money, after which 3 weeks are given to calculate the amount for each shareholder. Payments may be made not only in cash, but also in certain valuable property.

It is allowed to transfer dividends once a year, once every 9 months, twice a year or quarterly. This issue is decided by the company participants themselves, and the financial condition of the organization is also taken into account, since frequent transfers are possible only for successfully developing and successful companies.

This video will tell you how to receive dividends from an LLC:

Payment of dividends in kind

If there is no cash, the organization can pay dividends with property (for example, goods, finished products, fixed assets). However, this method is not profitable because it entails the payment of taxes, such as VAT and income tax. At the same time, the organization’s obligation as a tax agent remains intact. Please note that property for payment of dividends must be transferred at prices not lower than market prices (to avoid underestimating the base for determining taxes). Personal income tax in this case is calculated based on the value of the property, including VAT. If the organization does not have the opportunity to withhold and transfer personal income tax from the transferred property, the participant and the Federal Tax Service Inspectorate with which the tax agent organization is registered must be notified about this within a month.

Payment of dividends after cutoff

After the register closure date, joint stock companies settle dividend accruals with traders.

Russian securities market

Some companies pay funds within 10 days after listings are closed, others within 25 days. According to 208-FZ “On Joint-Stock Companies”, payments must be received to a brokerage account or individual investment account within 18 days. Taking into account the transfer of money to a personal account, another 1-2 business days are added.

Attention: each joint stock company has a charter and the main terms of dividend payments are regulated by this document.

Foreign funds

When transferring dividends by foreign companies, many intermediaries are involved in this process. Therefore, the terms of payments for income from securities start from 15 days and can stretch up to several months.

Dividends from shares on a loan

The investor purchases assets with borrowed funds or secures an Overnight loan for a fee on the cut-off day. In this situation, income from securities is accrued 1-2 months after the closure of the register. The operation is not risky, the broker undertakes to return the papers the next day.

Reflection of dividend payments in accounting

For clarity, we will consider the reflection of payment of income to participants using an example.
Example 3
Olympus LLC decided to distribute profits and pay dividends to participants in the following amounts:

• Petrov P.P. — 35,000 rubles, incl. Personal income tax - 4,550 rubles (resident of the Russian Federation, not an employee of the company);
• Fedorov F.F. — 20,000 rubles, incl. Personal income tax - 2600 rubles (resident of the Russian Federation, is an employee of the company);
• LLC "Meridian" - 45,000 rubles, incl. Income tax - 5850 rubles (resident of the Russian Federation).

The accountant of Olympus LLC must make the following entries:

DEBIT 84 CREDIT 75

— 35,000 rub. – dividends were accrued to Petrov P.P.;

DEBIT 84 CREDIT 75

— 45,000 rub. – dividends accrued to Meridian LLC;

DEBIT 84 CREDIT 70

— 20,000 rub. – dividends were accrued to Fedorov F.F.;

DEBIT 75 CREDIT 68

— 4550 rub. – personal income tax was withheld from the income of Petrov P.P.;

DEBIT 75 CREDIT 68

<- 5850 rub. – income tax was withheld from the income of Meridian LLC.

DEBIT 70 CREDIT 68

— 2600 rub. – personal income tax was withheld from the income of Fedorov F.F.;

DEBIT 70 CREDIT 50 (51)

— 17,400 rub. – dividends were paid (transferred) to Fedorov F.F.;

DEBIT 75 CREDIT 50 (51)

— 30,450 rub. – dividends were paid (transferred) to Petrov P.P.;

DEBIT 75 CREDIT 51

— 39,150 rub. – dividends of Meridian LLC are listed;

DEBIT 68 CREDIT 51

— 7150 rub. – the withheld personal income tax is transferred to the budget;

DEBIT 68 CREDIT 51

— 5850 rub. – the withheld income tax is transferred to the budget.

Olga Fedun

, for the magazine “Practical Accounting”

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