Compliance with industrial safety and labor protection rules when operating hazardous production facilities

General concepts

Occupational safety measures are carried out during work at different times, depending on the need.
What determines the technical safety measures, and the standards to be followed are determined by legislation. Attention! Accepted abbreviations: labor protection - OSH, safety precautions - TB.
In a specific sense, labor protection includes issues related to the following areas:

• workers' rights;
• social;
• hygiene and sanitation issues;
• organizational;
• treatment, prevention, rehabilitation, disease prevention;
• technical;
• and so on.

Occupational safety and health measures vary in scope depending on the state of the enterprise (for example, an office or a factory). They also depend on the presence of harmful conditions, etc.

Labor safety standards are created based on job responsibilities, depending on the position held. In addition, we must not forget about the facts of mistakes, accidents and possible risks, on the basis of which are created and tightened . Safety in the workplace is the key to life and health.

Occupational Safety Corner

What labor protection documents should the enterprise have?

List of mandatory documents on labor protection at the enterprise

In all enterprises and organizations, regardless of their form of ownership, it is necessary to maintain or have a large number of documents on labor protection.

The fundamental ones include:

1. Labor legislation. This is the main source, since it takes into account the main directions of ensuring occupational safety standards. It specifies the responsibilities of both the employee and the employer, including the need to undergo training, conduct an occupational safety and health system and undergo medical examinations. When resolving controversial issues and the need to impose penalties, there are also a number of legislative options.
2. Labor protection rules for all areas of activity. For example, if a mechanical section is functioning, then there should be rules for machine equipment, and if there is a boiler room, then there should also be rules for the use of steam gas or electric boilers.
3. GOST standards for labor protection are necessary, since controversial issues arise in the process of work, and the Rules contain references to these standards (this will make it easier to determine what state standards there should be).
4. Regulations on conducting a special assessment of working conditions. Although expert organizations are involved in this area, the employer must still have information that must be owned.
5. Order for medical examinations. This is an act regulating the frequency of medical examinations, and also approves a list of harmful factors and types of work, according to which it is necessary to send workers to a medical examination.
6. A list of professions that are entitled to a preferential pension, shortened working hours and standards according to which additional payment is established for work in hazardous conditions.
7. Standard standards for the issuance of workwear, safety footwear and personal protective equipment at the expense of the employer.

It is worth noting that existing documents on labor protection at the enterprise, related to the main ones, may periodically be saturated with additional information, as well as changes. Therefore, it is recommended to have a Consultant system that is constantly updated and assign a responsible person performing the role of monitoring regulations.

What does health and safety include?

Occupational health and safety at work includes a set of tasks, depending on the specifics of the duties performed:

• creating conditions for working with power lines and electrical appliances;
• provision of protective equipment and protective clothing against smoke and fire;
• guarantee of safe organization of all categories of work;
• supply of serviceable equipment , as well as its inspection, repair or partial timely protection;
• maintaining all work and utility rooms in proper condition, in accordance with sanitary and hygienic requirements;
• creating conditions for working with increased noise, vibration, dust, etc.;
• ensuring conditions at high altitudes, in underground mines, as well as when working with sudden temperature changes.

The list differs in each specific case, depending on the specifics of production. General safety regulations must be followed by all employees.

Causes of accidents at work

In organizational areas, health and safety includes:

• training of management and management personnel, main and temporary workers;
• monitoring the condition of workers (annual medical examinations, briefings, training events, issuing products according to their harmfulness, sending employees for treatment or rehabilitation to sanatoriums and health institutions);
• control over compliance with health and safety rules by higher authorities of responsible persons.

All necessary information for enterprise managers, labor safety inspectors, and working personnel is contained in the labor code and local regulations.

What is labor protection

TB awareness activities

The responsibilities of the Health and Safety Service include:

• development of internal standards;
• training and knowledge testing;
• control over execution.

There are two types of training :

1. Instructions (the employer instructs the employee, after which he begins to work). Briefings can be introductory, primary at a specific workplace, repeated, unscheduled, targeted. Introductory safety training at any production or enterprise is carried out by a labor protection specialist or person in charge. It is mandatory for both newly arrived employees and trainees, regardless of their planned time of stay at the enterprise. Initial briefings are optional for employees not involved with equipment and production materials. The same ones who pass the primary ones pass the repeated ones. Unscheduled briefing is carried out in emergency cases (as prescribed, introduction of new equipment, accident). Targets are carried out according to the admission order.
2. Direct training and testing of knowledge. To do this, it is necessary to have a program at the enterprise, which should include as much as possible the goals prescribed in GOSTs (for example, personal protective equipment, if necessary). A program is developed for each type of instruction.

If an employee does not pass the health and safety exam, he is not allowed to enter the workplace and is sent for re-training.

Example of an induction training log

Employer Responsibilities

The employer must fulfill his responsibilities directly in terms of occupational safety, which include:

• provide employees with Codes, legal acts, laws;
• select and approve the staff of the labor protection service;
• create and approve a system for the functioning and management of the labor protection service;
• together with the responsible persons, he must develop safety instructions for each staff unit and develop programs;
• safety instructions are created for each full-time position available at the enterprise;
• create a workplace and a thematic office for the labor protection service, ensure the availability of visual aids and safety materials if necessary.

In addition, the employer is obliged to provide employees not only with training material, visual aids, illustrations, etc., but also to organize workplaces according to requirements, provide them with special clothing, and organize a rest room if necessary. The employer is obliged to personally monitor the health status of employees and take measures for treatment, prevention and recovery.

OT office

Collection of safety instructions

Approved I APPROVED

at a meeting of the trade union committee Director of MBOU "Nikolaev Secondary School"

protocol No.________ L.I. Ivanova ______________

from "____"__________20___ "___"________________20_____

Chairman of the PC branch

S.V. Buculitis ____________

INSTRUCTION No. 18

How to Protect Yourself from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

With all its advantages, stove heating requires increased attention in terms of safety. This, of course, is primarily fire safety, non-compliance with the rules of which leads to terrible tragedies. You should also never forget about another danger that may arise due to improper operation of the stove. This is carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide (CO, carbon monoxide) is a colorless, poisonous gas with no taste or odor (which makes it especially dangerous). In a stove, carbon monoxide is formed due to incomplete combustion of wood. The cause of carbon monoxide is untimely closing of the stove valve, insufficient access of fresh air to the firebox, poor draft, cracks in the stove structure, or a clogged chimney. It is very difficult to recognize the initial symptoms of poisoning, but then malaise, headache, dizziness and nausea appear. The gas affects different people differently; when poisoned, some people feel slightly unwell, while others urgently need to call an ambulance. Carbon monoxide can cause severe drowsiness, confusion, and hallucinations. up to fainting and coma, possible cardiac arrest

Help for carbon monoxide poisoning is fresh air and a doctor. For seriously ill patients, you need to do the same - take them out into the air and wait for the doctor.

Therefore, keeping the stove in proper condition becomes not just a whim, but also a necessity. The most dangerous position is to think that all tragedies happen somewhere and to someone, but nothing like that can happen to us.

The main point in the operation of the furnace is the timely closing of the furnace valve. Before doing this, you need to thoroughly “poach” the coals with a poker - large charred firebrands may remain there. Small ones need to be broken up, but large unburnt smuts should be thrown into a previously prepared bucket of water. There is an old-fashioned rule that I remember from childhood and which has never failed: before closing the damper, in not very bright outside lighting, you need to carefully consider how the lights shimmer on the coals, what color they are. If the color is orange, yellow, red (and their different shades), then the oven can be closed. But if blue tongues slip through, then it’s still too early. And of course, it’s better to close the stove a little later, even if it loses heat, than to close it with unburned coals and burn. It is necessary to remember that help for carbon monoxide poisoning may not arrive in time. Keep an eye on your furnaces and control the closing of the damper - and everything will be fine!

Definition and basic properties of carbon monoxide

The phrase “carbon monoxide” is familiar to many from childhood. This is not surprising, because we have to deal with it in everyday life, in everyday life - not only in a big city (on busy roads, near gas stoves and water heaters), but also in rural areas (near large highways, in bathhouses and in houses with stove heating). For carbon monoxide intoxication, a small concentration in the air is sufficient - only 0.1%.

The chemical formula of carbon monoxide is CO. That is, it is carbon monoxide, extremely volatile and very poisonous. It has neither color nor odor, which makes it especially dangerous because... makes it difficult for humans to detect. A carbon monoxide leak in the home can only be sensed by the first symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning - and this is very bad. The fact is that intoxication occurs unnoticed and rapidly, and sometimes it is too late to make any attempts at salvation, since carbon monoxide can simply “turn off” a person’s consciousness in a matter of seconds.

The main effect of carbon monoxide on the human body is to bind hemoglobin in erythrocytes (red blood cells). Acting as a strong poison, it blocks the path of oxygen to the cells, and the body simply cannot continue to function.

Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning

The first signs of intoxication become noticeable when exposed to carbon dioxide in a concentration of only 0.08% of the total air volume. The person immediately begins to experience difficulty breathing and a headache. The CO code becomes 4 times greater, the person loses the ability to move and loses consciousness. Moreover, if you do not provide him with proper medical care and leave him in the same conditions, death will occur within half an hour.

1.2% is a critical level of CO content in the air, when consciousness turns off instantly, and death occurs in less than 3 minutes.

If you are in an enclosed space and begin to feel a sharp clouding, decreased hearing and vision, headache, pounding in your temples and inability to concentrate - be on the alert, carbon monoxide has probably entered your body. Immediately leave the room, get everyone inside into fresh air, and, if possible, open all accessible windows and doors for ventilation.

There are, of course, concentrations of carbon dioxide in the air at which acute poisoning does not occur, and they cannot cause any sudden reasons for panic. However, many residents of megacities who spend a long time in places where carbon dioxide accumulates complain of poor health, frequent migraines, sleep disturbances, irritability, and poor concentration.

The appearance of carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is one of the main combustion products of almost all combustible materials known to us. Consequently, the smoke of any fire has a significant impact on the environment in the house, and is also deadly - especially if handled carelessly.

The following processes are accompanied by the formation of carbon monoxide:

• the operation of a car engine - both while driving and when stopping: this is why it is so dangerous to be without a respirator for a long time in tunnels, on busy highways and in a garage with the engine running;
• forest and city fires: you need to remember that it is carbon monoxide, and not the flame itself, that is the main cause of death during fires;
• synthesis of some organic substances (methyl alcohol, phenol, acetone, etc.) in factories;
• operation of geysers and stoves;
• leakage of “home” lighting gas or improper handling of stoves (in a private house, bathhouse, etc.).

Keep in mind that furnace smoke is 30%, lighting gas is 10%, and automobile exhaust gases are 1-3% (and if poorly regulated, 10%) composed of carbon monoxide. This means that if a person finds himself in a dense cloud of such vapors, he has very little chance of surviving, because... he almost immediately loses consciousness and is no longer able to control what is happening. The more different heaters in the house, the higher the risk of increasing the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air. Let's take the same wood-burning stoves in houses and baths. If you do not close the damper in time, oxygen stops getting inside, and the coals continue to smolder and oxidize, releasing large amounts of CO into the air.

Some believe that by switching to natural gas in everyday life, humanity has practically protected itself from the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. But this is not entirely true: on the one hand, it burns without a trace and is completely safe. On the other hand, if there is insufficient oxygen supply (for example, when heating a cookware with a large bottom surface), incomplete combustion occurs and the carbon compounds contained in natural gas are converted to CO. And of course, any malfunction of a gas pipeline running underground or in brick walls is also very dangerous, even if it seems to us that the leak is occurring far outside the apartment. The fact is that brick or earth is not a barrier to carbon monoxide. It can easily seep through them and fill the living space.

Supporters of other natural fuels should also be wary of carbon monoxide: it is released both during the combustion of peat and during the smoldering of coal. Faulty electrical appliances that have shorted out and spontaneously combusted can also fill a room with ubiquitous CO2.

Poor oxygen supply is also observed in hermetically sealed rooms (bathrooms, kitchens with plastic or sealed windows) in which household gas appliances are installed. This is why staying in a hot bath for long periods of time and cooking without a good hood can be so dangerous. The reason for poor health is not at all a banal overheating (as is commonly believed), but a high concentration of poisonous carbon monoxide.

A special word should be said about car exhaust gases. Just 1000 liters of burned fuel guarantees the release of 200 kg of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere - a huge figure! Modern history has a lot of cases where drivers and their passengers, while in the cabin or body of a car with the engine running, lost consciousness or even died from lack of air. And the culprit is again carbon dioxide, which accumulates in closed spaces and instantly paralyzes the activity of the central nervous system.

How to Protect Yourself from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

To avoid serious consequences from carbon monoxide exposure, you must follow these simple safety precautions.

1. Do not turn on the burners and oven of your gas stove to heat the apartment. Also avoid using all burners at the same time and do not overload the stove.
2. Do not close the wood stove damper until the burning and smoldering process is complete. Like an electric stove, the stove should not be left unattended to heat overnight.
3. Turn off the car engine when you are in the garage and do not allow exhaust gases to enter the vehicle.
4. Do not take a bath with the gas water heater in the bathroom on.
5. Regularly check all hoods, ventilation and the condition of gas pipes. At the slightest suspicion of a gas leak, contact a specialist; do not carry out repairs yourself.

Always keep in mind that carbon monoxide is insidious, has no color or odor and has a very rapid negative effect on the human body. To avoid emergency situations, invite a professional to measure the carbon dioxide content in the room.

What a waste: rules for safe handling of household gas

Gasification in homes is unlikely to surprise anyone today (unless, of course, you have relatives in the Amazon jungle). But habit can also be bad.

There are two types of “home” gas: methane (the one that goes through the main pipe to your stove) and propane/butane (it is delivered in red cylinders). An ordinary person not only cannot distinguish these gases, he will not even detect them - they have no smell. However, precisely so that their leak can be detected, a substance that has a rather unpleasant odor is added to the gas. It is he who is associated with gas.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW:

— Methane is lighter than air and tends to rise.

- Bottled gas is heavier - it accumulates at the bottom and penetrates under the floor if there are cracks.

If there is a leak from a cylinder, for example, in a country house, where there are often cellars and underground floors, even if the leak is small, there is a risk that gas can accumulate and one day one small spark from the switch will be enough to cause a disaster.

If there is no electricity in your cellar, you can simply inhale the gas.

According to statistics, the main cause of all gas accidents is simple negligence and neglect of established safety standards. To be known as a thrifty owner, remember:

1. Before igniting and during combustion of gas appliances, ventilate the room by slightly opening a vent or window or turning on the forced ventilation system.

2. Check the draft in the smoke channels before ignition, do this periodically during combustion.

3. No matter how trivial it may sound, do not leave gas appliances on unattended.

4. Do not use gas stoves for heating! Why - see the section “Carbon monoxide”.

5. Do not construct, carry or repair gas equipment yourself! This is very dangerous and can lead to an explosion, unless of course you are an employee of the “04” service. By the way, this is the phone number you need to call if you detect an alarming odor.

6. If there are no residents in the building for a long time, it is better to take the cylinders outside the building and turn off the gas equipment. Even minimally leaking systems can form explosive concentrations of gas and air over a long period of time in enclosed spaces!

And one more thing: if there is an accident on the highway and it is blocked, do not leave the valves open. Gas can be given at any time without warning, and you simply won’t notice. The consequences can be the most dire.

HOW TO DETECT A LEAK

— Visually

: soap suspected places of leakage - most often these are joints in pipes and fittings. Where a bubble is inflated from soapy water, there is a leak;

- Aurally

: in case of a strong leak, a characteristic hiss will tell you... at least where it is worth lathering to check;

— By smell

: The characteristic odor becomes stronger near the leak. And the very fact of the appearance of a smell is a reason for carrying out the above-described measures.

Do not search for leaks with open fire!

IF A GAS LEAK HAS STILL OCCURRED

1. Do not use electrical appliances

Do not insert or remove plugs from sockets - any spark may cause an explosion. Don't do anything at all that might cause a spark or increase in temperature;

2. Immediately call service “04”

Better from neighbors or by mobile phone.

3. While waiting for the emergency signal, ventilate the apartment

Open the windows, create a draft that should blow away everyone present in the apartment except you. There shouldn't be any extra ones. Let them go and meet the gas workers. It’s better to turn off the intercom and bell (see point 1).

IF THE GAS IGNITES AT THE LEAK POINT

If it is possible to turn off the supply before the leak occurs, turn it off and everything will go out. If not, don’t use mascara under any circumstances! At most, you can try to remove flammable objects from the area affected by the flame. But in this case, a fire is less dangerous than an open gas leak. The consequences of the explosion will be enormous. In my practice, there were a couple of cases when half of the house was destroyed due to a gas leak. Therefore, take all your people out of the apartment and run yourself, calling the emergency gas service (04) and the fire department (01) on the run.

With a balloon everything is, of course, simpler. But the principles are absolutely the same.

If there is a leak from the cylinder,

disconnect it from the fittings (if there is nothing, cut off the rubber hose) and take the cylinder outside. Be sure to take an assistant. In order not to drop it, it is fraught with fire, at the very least. Call emergency gang 04, and if the cylinder is not working properly, ask them for a conclusion in order to exchange it for a new one.

If gas suddenly catches fire at the site of a leak from the cylinder, try calling the fire department by calling 01, wrapping your hands in a wet towel and turning off the valve. If the flame is small, throw the same wet towel over the gushing area, extinguish the flame, take the cylinder outside and wait for the emergency crew to arrive.

If the flame is large, you should not extinguish it, so as not to let gas into the room - an explosion is possible.

However, no matter what decision you make—to run or to put out the fire—you must act quickly. Otherwise, the balloon will heat up and explode in any case.

In addition to the explosiveness of the gas, there is another important aspect - its toxic effect on the body. The so-called carbon monoxide plays an important role in this process.

If you have a gas water heater, you simply must know everything about it.

CARBON MONOXIDE

Carbon monoxide - carbon monoxide (CO) - is a compound familiar from school. And it is extremely dangerous also because there are too many options for its formation in everyday life. In most cases, they are all related to combustion. CO is one of the products of incomplete combustion of any substance. And, unlike household gas, it cannot be detected without special devices - carbon monoxide is colorless and odorless.

When burning almost all types of fuel in conditions of lack of oxygen, CO begins to actively form. Therefore, the formation of this poison is inevitable in stoves and household geysers with poor ventilation. If the damper is closed prematurely or too tightly, the room will be dangerous to be in.

WHAT IS CARBON MONOXIDE DANGEROUS?

Inhaling carbon monoxide is equivalent to having your veins slit. No, you, in the strict sense, do not lose blood. However, it loses its main property - to deliver oxygen to the tissues. Carbon monoxide tightly binds to hemoglobin and makes it impossible for an oxygen molecule to attach to it. So with each breath, the efficiency of the blood decreases. The first to suffer from oxygen starvation is the brain, which will not be able to control the body. And then it gets worse! - death.

FIRST AID FOR CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

If you or someone close to you has a dull headache, dizziness, vomiting, chest pain, confusion, lack of coordination, as well as bright red or bluish skin, these are all signs of poisoning.

The victim needs to be moved to a well-ventilated area (or better yet, outside); do not force him to walk on his own. And call an ambulance immediately. Provide him with the opportunity to breathe easily and calmness. Do not give alcohol under any circumstances - this will cause even greater toxicity.

Don't joke with gas! Take care of yourself!

The instructions were compiled by:

Life Safety Teacher ______________ T.N. Belova

Responsibilities of the OT service

The OT service can be represented by one employee or constitute a group of individuals. Their responsibilities:

• develop and submit to the manager for approval an action plan for organizing safe work at the enterprise;
• develop and submit safety instructions to the manager for approval, ensure that employees of the enterprise are familiar with them, store copies signed by employees, provide visual aids, video tutorials, thematic information cards during training;
• conduct investigations of injuries, mutilations, and accidents; organize a special investigation group in agreement with the manager;
• carry out periodic testing of the knowledge of industrial safety among employees of the enterprise;
• participate in the preparation of all internal documents at the enterprise related to the field of labor protection;
• control the passage of medical examinations by employees: remind, post lists;
• control the receipt of products for hazardous working conditions;
• control the receipt of required benefits for certain categories of employees;
• order, purchase, issue protective clothing;
• organize training events on occupational safety.

In addition, the OT service is responsible for properly completing all documentation. Responsible persons have the right to send orders to departments to suspend the work process due to the discovery of a violation of safety regulations at work.

TB training

Safety training and knowledge testing at the enterprise are provided primarily for management personnel and workers who are responsible for safety. In addition, it is provided for persons employed in hazardous conditions. Training involves studying the basic principles of behavior in dangerous situations, general safety rules for operating equipment, completing an on-the-job internship and passing an exam to obtain an official permit to work.

Training is carried out both upon hiring and at intervals of once a year or three years.

TB training

Magazines

In accordance with current legislation, logs for registering briefings at workplaces are filled out in accordance with the established form. They record all types of work performed. The employer monitors the availability and correctness of the document. If there is no log, employees of regulatory authorities may accuse management of non-compliance with labor safety rules.

Important! The journal is certified by the responsible person. The type of document production is typographic.

The filling form is used uniformly for all divisions of the company. The forms are kept by an engineer or other responsible employee. The specialist who conducts the instructions can take the log from the occupational safety engineer. The pages of the document are numbered, laced, and stamps are required.

Responsibility for violation of safety rules

Responsibility for violation of safety rules can be assigned to the manager, the safety service, or employees. Appointed officials are primarily responsible. Employees are directly responsible for violation of safety rules, as for violation of labor discipline (with the exception of criminal liability).

Responsibility may be:

• administrative and criminal , depending on the severity of the consequences and the intentionality of failure to comply with the instructions;
• disciplinary;
• material.

The resulting administrative liability provides for fines in various monetary amounts.

Disciplinary liability includes demotion , reprimand, reprimand, removal from a position for a certain period or temporary or complete removal from duties in whole or in part.

Financial liability is expressed in compensation for damage caused by careless handling of entrusted property, resulting in its damage or in the event of theft of property. Issues that arise can be resolved on the spot between the employee and management or through the court. Recovery can be carried out in whole or in part by deducting small amounts from wages.

Criminal liability arises in situations where, through the fault of an employee, another person is injured, as a result of which he becomes disabled or dies.

Responsibility for violation of labor protection rules - Article 143 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

Why you need to follow safety precautions in the workplace

Compliance with the rules is necessary for everyone - both the worker and management. Due to the complexity and danger of the production cycle, careless treatment of TB can result in the following negative consequences:

• Mechanical injury - bruises, cuts, fractures.
• Inhalation of chemical vapors and dust, leading to deterioration of the respiratory system and poisoning.
• Fire, short circuit, and equipment failure due to negligence occur in most cases due to ignorance of the rules.

There are no less reasons for the employer:

• liability before the law - until deprivation of liberty and termination of the enterprise;
• material costs, compensation for what happened during the labor process of an emergency;
• damage to property, serious losses.

Control over the OT service

The OT service itself, regardless of the number of representatives, reports to the head , who, as a responsible person, controls the work of this service.

In addition to the internal control of a senior manager, there are control services:

• at the state level (executive authorities at the federal and local levels), they have the right to check the work of the occupational safety service at any stage and in any area, at any time;
• departmental (implies control of a responsible superior enterprise over a subsidiary or subordinate);
• non-departmental (from the pension fund, policyholders, etc.);
• public (verification by individual citizens on existing grounds, work collectives, thematic movements, the media).

Attention! An inspection of the work of the labor protection service can be sudden or planned.