Account 45 in accounting

Moment of implementation

Consider the sale (sale) of finished products to be the transfer of ownership of them to the buyer.
As a rule, this happens at the moment the products are transferred to him. If the agreement between the seller and the buyer establishes a different procedure for the transfer of ownership (for example, after payment for the product), the buyer receives this right only after fulfilling all the stipulated requirements. In this case, the products transferred to the buyer will be considered not sold, but shipped. This conclusion follows from paragraph 1 of Article 223 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

For more information about this, see How to determine the moment of transfer of ownership when selling purchased goods (your own products).

WIRES:

Debit 45 Credit 10-Materials shipped to customers. (with special condition of transfer of ownership)
Debit 45 Credit 20 - The cost of work for which sales revenue for which temporarily cannot be determined has been written off.
Debit 45 Credit 21- Semi-finished products are shipped, upon payment the moment of transfer of ownership.
Debit 45 Credit 41-Goods shipped to the buyer, the moment of transfer of ownership after payment.
Debit 45 Credit 43 - Products are shipped to the buyer, the product is ready, the moment of transfer of ownership after payment.
Debit 45 Credit 44 - Expenses associated with the sale of goods and finished products are written off.
Debit 45 Credit 71-Reflected expenses associated with the sale of products. (Advance report document)
Debit 90-2 Credit 45-Write off the cost of shipped products or goods after the transfer of ownership.
Debit 94 Credit 45-Reflected shortage of goods shipped.
Debit 99 Credit 45 - The cost of finished goods is written off after emergency circumstances.
Debit 76 Credit 45-Write off at the expense of the insurance company, goods shipped

Accounting: ownership has passed to the buyer

If the ownership of the product has been transferred to the buyer (i.e., a sale has occurred), income and expenses from such an operation are recorded in account 90 “Sales”. The basis for this is the primary accounting documents drawn up during the sale of products (Article 9 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ).

Sales income will be revenue from the sale of finished products. Reflect it on the credit of account 90-1 at the time of transfer of ownership of the product to the buyer (subject to other conditions for recognizing revenue in accounting).

For more details, see How to determine the amount of revenue from the sale of finished products.

You can sell finished products both in cash and by bank transfer, as well as using plastic cards.

If the organization sold finished products for cash, make the following entry in accounting:

Debit 50 Credit 90-1 – revenue for finished products sold for cash is reflected.

If the organization sold finished products for cashless payment, make the following entry:

Debit 62 Credit 90-1 – revenue for finished products sold by bank transfer is reflected.

The procedure for recording sales of finished products in accounting when paying by credit card is similar to the procedure for recording such transactions when selling goods. For more information about this, see How to reflect retail sales of goods in accounting.

Such rules are established by the Instructions for the chart of accounts, subparagraph “d” of paragraph 12 of PBU 9/99 and paragraph 211 of the Methodological Instructions, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n.

At the time of revenue recognition, reflect in accounting the costs associated with the production and sale of products (clause 18 of PBU 10/99). These will be:

actual cost of production;

selling expenses.

Reflect them in the debit of account 90-2.

This is stated in paragraphs 203, 206 and 212 of the Methodological Instructions, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n, paragraphs 7 and 9 of PBU 10/99 and the Instructions for the chart of accounts.

Write off the actual cost of products sold as expenses in the order that depends on how the organization accounts for finished products: at actual cost or at standard cost.

If finished products are accounted for at actual cost, reflect them in expenses by posting:

Debit 90-2 Credit 43 – the actual cost of finished products sold is taken into account as expenses.

If finished products are accounted for at standard cost, reflect them by posting:

Debit 90-2 Credit 43 – the standard cost of finished products sold is taken into account as expenses.

This procedure follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts.

To determine the cost of finished products that need to be written off as expenses (i.e., the cost that will be reflected in the credit of account 43), use one of the valuation methods:

at the cost of each unit of inventory;

FIFO;

at average cost.

The choice of method for estimating the cost of sold finished products is fixed in the accounting policy for accounting purposes. This is stated in paragraph 16 of PBU 5/01, paragraph 73 of the Methodological Instructions, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n, and letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 16, 2004 No. 07-05-14/298.

For information on how to reflect sales expenses as expenses, see How to reflect sales expenses of finished products (works, services) in accounting.

This procedure follows from paragraphs 203–206, 212 of the Methodological Instructions, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n, Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts 40, 43, 90).

If the organization that sells the product is a VAT payer, charge this tax at the time of its transfer to the buyer. Reflect the accrual of VAT in the debit of account 90-3:

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for VAT” - VAT is charged on the sale of finished products.

This procedure follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts 68, 90) and paragraph 212 of the Methodological Instructions, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n.

If the organization has received a partial (full) prepayment on account of a future delivery, make the following entries in accounting:

Debit 51 (50) Credit 62 subaccount “Settlements for advances received” - partial (full) prepayment was received from the buyer for the upcoming delivery of finished products;

Debit 76 subaccount “Calculations for VAT on advances received” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for VAT” – VAT is charged on the amount of the advance received;

Debit 62 subaccount “Settlements for shipped finished products” Credit 90-1 – revenue from the sale of finished products is reflected;

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for VAT” - VAT is charged on sales proceeds;

Debit 62 subaccount “Settlements for advances received” Credit 62 subaccount “Settlements for shipped finished products” - prepayment is credited;

Debit 68 subaccount “Calculations for VAT” Credit 76 subaccount “Calculations for VAT from advances received” - the amount of VAT previously accrued and paid from the amount of the advance received is accepted for deduction.

This procedure is provided for in the Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts 51, 50, 62, 90).

Finished products are usually sold in containers. For information on how to take it into account when selling products, see How to record transactions with containers when selling your own products.

Postings to account 45 (which is reflected as a debit, which is reflected as a credit)

The use of account 45 in accounting is regulated by the Chart of Accounts and Instructions for its application (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n), as well as PBU 9/99 “Organizational Income” and other regulatory standards.

The most frequently used entries for account 45:

Debit	Credit	Contents of operation
45	10, 11, 21, 23, 29, 41, 43	Inventory assets (materials, farmed animals, semi-finished products, products of auxiliary and service industries, goods, finished products) were shipped to the buyer at actual cost
45	44	Commercial expenses for shipment/delivery of goods shipped have been written off
45	68	VAT is charged on transferred goods (in accordance with accounting policies)
62/76	90	Revenue is recognized based on actual sales (after fulfillment of special contract conditions)
90	45	The cost of sales is written off based on actual sales

The option for reflecting VAT must be fixed in the accounting policy.

You can find more complete information on the topic in ConsultantPlus. Free trial access to the system for 2 days.

The following options are possible:

Dt 45 (VAT) Kt 68 - VAT is charged upon shipment of goods;
Dt 90 Kt 45 (VAT) - VAT is reflected on actual sales;
Dt 76 Kt 68 — VAT is taken into account upon shipment/prepayment;
Dt 90 Kt 76 - VAT is reflected upon actual sale / receipt of payment;
Dt 68 Kt 76 - VAT is charged upon actual sale / receipt of payment.

Accounting: ownership has not passed to the buyer

Record the shipped products on account 45 “Goods shipped”:

at actual cost - if the organization accounts for finished products in account 43 “Finished products” at actual cost;

at standard cost - if the products are accounted for in account 43 “Finished products” at standard cost, and the actual costs of their production are reflected in account 40 “Product Output”.

Keep accounting of shipped products on the basis of the primary accounting documents presented to the buyer (Article 9 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ). When transferring (shipping) products, make the following entries:

Debit 45 Credit 43 – finished products were transferred to the buyer.

This procedure follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts (accounts 43, 45).

To determine the cost of finished products that need to be reflected on the credit of account 43, use one of the valuation methods:

at the cost of each unit of inventory;

FIFO;

at average cost.

If the organization that ships the products is a VAT payer, at the time of shipment (transfer) of the products to the buyer, charge VAT (clause 3 of Article 38 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Reflect the amount of accrued tax in accounting as follows:

Debit 76 subaccount “VAT on products, the ownership of which is transferred to the buyer in a special order” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for VAT” - VAT is charged, payable to the budget on shipped products, the ownership of which is transferred to the buyer in a special order.

For more information about this, see How to reflect in accounting the amount of VAT charged to the buyer when selling goods (own products), if the ownership of these goods (own products) has not transferred to the buyer.

After ownership of the shipped products passes to the buyer, record the proceeds from the sale in your accounting records. At the same moment, write off as expenses the cost of products sold and sales expenses (subparagraph “d”, paragraph 12 of PBU 9/99, paragraphs 211 and 212 of the Methodological Instructions, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n, p 7 and 9 PBU 10/99).

Record sales revenue as follows.

If the organization sold finished products for cash, make the following entry in accounting:

Debit 50 Credit 90-1 – revenue for finished products sold for cash is reflected.

If the organization sold finished products for cashless payment, make the following entry:

Debit 62 Credit 90-1 – revenue for finished products sold by bank transfer is reflected.

Write off the cost of products sold as expenses in an order that depends on how the organization accounts for finished products: at actual cost or at standard cost.

If finished products are accounted for at actual cost, reflect them in expenses using the following entry:

Debit 90-2 Credit 45 – the actual cost of finished products sold is taken into account as expenses.

If finished products are accounted for at standard cost, reflect them in expenses using the following entry:

Debit 90-2 Credit 45 – the standard cost of finished products sold is taken into account as expenses.

This procedure follows from the Instructions for the chart of accounts.

For information on how to reflect sales expenses as expenses, see How to reflect sales expenses of finished products (works, services) in accounting.

Simultaneously with the recognition of revenue and expenses, reflect the amount of VAT charged to the buyer as expenses:

Debit 90-3 Credit 76 subaccount “VAT on products, the ownership of which is transferred to the buyer in a special manner” - VAT is charged on shipped products.

Finished products are usually sold in containers. For information on how to take it into account when selling products, see How to record transactions with containers when selling your own products.

Goods shipped are...

This definition should be understood as those inventories, the proceeds from the sale of which cannot be recorded in the appropriate accounting records.

If we talk about Form No. 1 of financial statements, then the price of finished products shipped to customers is recorded on line 080 of the balance sheet. In this line, the accountant enters the debit balance of account 45 at the end of each reporting period.

In general, property rights to certain inventories are transferred to the customer after their delivery last. However, there are some exceptions to this general rule:

in the case of transfer of goods in accordance with an exchange agreement (in this case, the buyer acquires property rights only after the counter shipment has been made;
if the goods are transferred under a purchase and sale agreement, which provides for a special procedure for transferring ownership. According to such documents, the person purchasing the goods receives ownership of it only after certain conditions are met, for example, payment of its cost or delivery to the designated point;
in case of transfer to an intermediary for further sale. In this case, we are talking about a commission, commission or agency agreement.

BASIC

Income from the sale of manufactured products is revenue (clause 1 of Article 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). When calculating income tax, take it into account at the time of sale of products, regardless of when payment was received from buyers (customers). Do this if the organization uses the accrual method (clause 3 of Article 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

If an organization has received an advance payment for the upcoming supply of products, then when calculating income tax using the accrual method, do not include the amount of the prepayment in income from sales (Articles 249, 271 and sub-clause 1, clause 1, Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

When using the cash method, take into account revenue at the time you receive funds for sold products. The advance payment (advance payment) received from the buyer (customer) is also included in income at the time of receipt (clause 2 of Article 273, subclause 1 of clause 1 of Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). This rule applies despite the fact that the products have not yet actually been transferred to the buyer (clause 8 of the information letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court dated December 22, 2005 No. 98).

Reduce sales revenue by expenses associated with the production and sale of products (subclause 1, clause 3, article 315 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

material costs;

labor costs;

the amount of accrued depreciation;

other expenses.

For more information about accounting for income and expenses from the sale of products when calculating income tax, see How to take into account income and expenses from the sale of manufactured products (works, services) when taxing profits.

Sales of products are recognized as subject to VAT (subclause 1, clause 1, article 146 and clause 3, article 38 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Therefore, if the seller is a VAT payer, at the time of shipment (transfer) of products or receipt of advance payment under the contract, accrue this tax (clause 1 of Article 167 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

An example of how sales of finished products are reflected in accounting and taxation. Ownership of the product passes to the buyer at the time of its transfer

LLC "Proizvodstvennaya" is engaged in the manufacture of office cabinets. “Master” pays income tax monthly and uses the accrual method.

In March, the organization’s expenses amounted to 373,000 rubles, including: – direct expenses – 303,000 rubles; – indirect costs – 70,000 rubles.

In total, the organization produced 70 cabinets in March. Direct costs for their production amounted to 280,000 rubles.

The cost of work in progress balances at the end of March amounted to 23,000 rubles.

Thus, the cost of one cabinet was 5,000 rubles. ((280,000 rub. + 70,000 rub.) : 70 pcs.). The organization's accounting policy establishes that finished products are accounted for at actual cost.

In the same month, the organization sold 50 cabinets for the amount of 472,000 rubles. (including VAT – 72,000 rubles).

Master's accountant reflected the sale of finished products in March as follows:

Debit 62 Credit 90-1 – 472,000 rubles. – revenue from sales of finished products is reflected;

Debit 90-2 Credit 43 – 250,000 rub. (RUB 5,000 × 50 pcs.) – the actual cost of finished products sold is taken into account as expenses;

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 subaccount “VAT calculations” – 72,000 rubles. – VAT is charged on the sale of finished products.

When calculating income tax for March, the accountant included in income the proceeds from the sale of cabinets - 400,000 rubles. (RUB 472,000 – RUB 72,000). As part of the expenses in full, he took into account indirect expenses - 70,000 rubles. The amount of direct expenses that will reduce the proceeds from the sale of cabinets will be 200,000 rubles. The accountant calculated it like this.

Cost of remaining finished products at the end of the month: 20 pcs. : 70 pcs. × (303,000 rub. – 23,000 rub.) = 80,000 rub.

Direct expenses that reduce revenue from the sale of cabinets for March: RUB 303,000. – 23,000 rub. – 80,000 rub. = 200,000 rub.

simplified tax system

Regardless of which object of taxation the organization has chosen, take into account income from the sale of finished products when calculating the single tax (Articles 346.15 and 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Income will be proceeds from sales. In the sales proceeds, also include advances received for the upcoming delivery of finished products (clause 1 of article 346.15 and clause 1 of article 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). How to calculate revenue, see On what income you need to pay a single tax under simplification.

If a simplified organization has chosen as an object of taxation income reduced by expenses, reduce sales revenue by expenses associated with the production and sale of products (clause 2 of Article 346.18 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). In this case, take into account only those expenses that are named in paragraph 1 of Article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Such expenses may include, in particular:

expenses for the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets;

costs of acquiring or independently creating intangible assets;

material costs, including costs for the purchase of raw materials and materials;

labor costs;

the amount of “input” VAT paid to suppliers, etc.

For more information on how to take into account expenses when calculating a single tax, see What expenses can be taken into account when calculating a single tax under simplification.

Rules for accounting of finished products

Acceptance for accounting of finished products manufactured for sale, including those partially intended for the organization’s own needs, is reflected as a debit in correspondence:

with production cost accounts;
account 40 “Release of products (works, services)”.

If the finished product is completely intended for use in the organization itself, then it can not be credited to account 43, but taken into account:

on account 10 “Materials”;
other similar accounts - depending on the purpose of these products.

In terms of accounting for the sale of finished products, when recognizing revenue in relation to its cost, account 90 “Sales” is debited.

PECULIARITY
If revenue from the sale of shipped products cannot be recognized in accounting for a certain time (for example, during export), then the following entries are made when selling finished products:
until recognition, these products are recorded on account 45 “Goods shipped”;
upon actual shipment, an entry is made according to Kt 43 in correspondence with invoice 45.

OSNO and UTII

Income and expenses from the sale of products that relate to the general taxation system should be taken into account when calculating income tax. In cases where sales of products fall under UTII (for example, when providing catering services), do not take into account income and expenses when calculating the single tax. Calculate UTII based on imputed income (Article 346.29 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Moreover, if some expenses (for example, general business expenses) of the organization are associated with both types of activities, their amount must be distributed (clause 9 of Article 274 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). This is due to the fact that when calculating income tax, expenses related to activities on UTII cannot be taken into account.

Income tax expenses include that part of the expenses that relates to the organization’s activities under the general taxation system (clause 9 of Article 274 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).