New
To begin with, in order to take into account the property, they find out the period of its useful operation. It is important for both types of accounting – tax and accounting. The main assistant accountant when determining this period:
- codes from the All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets (OKOF);
- government Classification of fixed assets for the purposes of assignment to depreciation groups (hereinafter referred to as the Classification).
Please note: the changes affected both of these documents. So, starting from 2021, the Classification has undergone adjustments. They were introduced by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 7, 2016 No. 640. In addition, new OKOF codes will come into effect starting next year: OK 013-94 will be replaced by OK 013-2014.
It must be said that all these regulatory documents are insanely long multi-page tables with types of OS, codes and deadlines. Therefore, you can easily get confused and also waste a lot of time.
But I didn’t forget about Rostandart accountants. He issued order No. 458 dated April 21, 2016, which helps to understand which old OS code corresponds to the new one. And vice versa. Also in the form of tables.
From 2021, property must cost more than 100,000 rubles to be considered fixed assets and depreciated.
Let's find out how updating the codes will affect the work of an accountant.
Accountant's procedure
Many experts doubt: is it worth re-accounting fixed assets in 2017 due to changes in OKOF codes and new useful lives? No, you don't need to do this. It’s just that newly arrived property objects after January 1, 2021 must be taken into account in a new way.
To make the work of an accountant easier and save him from having to re-read the entire 2017 classification of fixed assets, Rosstandart officials have developed a convenient correspondence table (Departmental Order No. 458 dated April 21, 2016). An important detail that an accountant should pay attention to is that some fixed assets positions have lost the status of depreciable property.
How to determine
In 2021, you need to continue to find out the code of a specific fixed asset using the fixed asset service life classifier OK 013-94. And the depreciation group of the registered property is according to the government Classification dated January 1, 2002 No. 1.
Starting in 2017, the situation will change dramatically. Your main documents in the question of how to determine the service life of fixed assets will be:
- collection OK 013-2014 with new codes;
- updated mid-2021 Depreciation classification.
What is most reassuring is that the mechanism for determining the useful service life of fixed assets has remained the same - as in the current year (see table).
| № | What to do |
| 1 | First, find the most suitable name of your property in OK 013 and remember the code |
| 2 | It happens that an identical name is missing in the classifier. Then - the group to which your object can be assigned. See group code. |
| 3 | Then use the code to find your OS in the Classification (the codes are there in the left column) |
| 4 | See the depreciation group into which the property falls |
| 5 | Determine the useful life period according to this group |
How to document
When you have determined the useful life of fixed assets, secure this with an order establishing the standard service life of fixed assets on behalf of the head of the company.
Oddly enough, such a document is free-form. There is no required form or template in the law. Probably the most important thing that it should contain:
- OS name;
- the useful life that you have adopted.
To make your task easier, we will show this using an example with a sample order for establishing standard service life of fixed assets .
EXAMPLE A company purchased a regular freight elevator. Its OK code 013-94 is 14 2915263. According to the Classification, it belongs to the third depreciation group. The standard service life of a fixed asset is from three to five years inclusive. This means you can choose any number of months ranging from three to five years. Specify the final period of use in the order of the general director.
When putting the operating system into operation, do not forget to indicate the code according to the classifier of standard service life of fixed assets in:
- acceptance certificate;
- OS inventory card.
The corresponding column is present in standard OS-1 forms (see below):
You can download this form on our website here:
And OS-6 (see below):
You can download the card on our website here:
Let us remind you that the law does not oblige you to use these forms in your work. Therefore, if your company prefers its own developments, do not forget to add a window for OKOF code.
Keep in mind: the standard service life of fixed assets is the same for accounting and tax accounting.
A special reminder to simplifiers
New limit
In 2021, you can work on the simplified tax system, provided that the residual value of the fixed assets (it is needed for accounting purposes) is no more than 100 million rubles. (Subclause 16, Clause 3, Article 346.12 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Let us immediately draw your attention to the fact that starting from 2021, this bar has been raised to 150 million. That is, more firms and individual entrepreneurs will be able to apply the simplified tax system.
Thus, for simplified people, not only the service life of fixed assets will change from 2021 .
The residual value is determined using a simple formula:
Initial. price - Depreciation = Residual value And in order to depreciate property (if this can be done by law), you need to clarify the service life (clauses 18 and 19 of PBU 6/01 “Accounting for fixed assets”). In fact, the organization determines it itself. True, we still advise you to look into the Classification for depreciation purposes. It was adopted by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 1, 2002 No. 1. This will protect you from disputes with tax authorities.
Revision of the tax base
The use of the “income minus expenses” object in many cases allows tax accounting to include acquired fixed assets as expenses within one year. You just need to pay for the property and start working with it.
But keep in mind: if you quickly get rid of the written-off operating system, the tax base under the simplified tax system for previous periods will have to be revised. And the recalculation mechanism is influenced precisely by the service life of fixed assets (see table).
| OS service life | When to recalculate |
| Up to 15 years | Less than three years have passed since the cost of the OS was written off, but it has already been sold |
| From 15 years old | Less than 10 years have passed since it was written off, but the OS has been sold |
Thus, it will be possible to include in costs not the cost of the entire property, but only depreciation on it. It is calculated according to income tax regulations. This means that we will again have to turn to the service life of fixed assets according to the classifier .
Also see “Accounting on the simplified tax system”.
Basic accounting entries for fixed assets
The acquisition, sale, transfer and commissioning of fixed assets is reflected in accounting:
- for new objects - at the original cost. It includes: purchase price, cost of transportation, installation, etc., excluding VAT and other indirect taxes;
- for objects that have already been in operation - according to the cost of their purchase and installation.
Such an operation is formalized by posting Dt 01.01 - Kt 60.01 upon receipt of the object at the enterprise, when paying from the account - Dt 60.01 - Kt 51.
- Depreciation is compensation for depreciation of a fixed asset by transferring its value in parts to the cost of production. Accrued depreciation is reflected on the credit of account No. 02 - Depreciation of fixed assets, and on the debit of accounts 20, 25, 26, 23 - depending on the order of attribution of depreciation to specific cost items. Depreciation does not affect the book value of the asset.
- Repairs can be routine, major, medium or particularly complex. The costs of any repairs do not lead to a change in the book value of fixed assets, but are included directly in the cost of production. If the organization does not have a reserve for repairs, they are reflected in entries Dt 20 (26, 25, 23) – Kt 10 (12.70). If there is - with the subsequent write-off of inventory and other costs: Dt 89-1 - Kt - 10 (12.70).
- Rent – transfer of objects for temporary use for a fee to other companies. For the lessor, leased objects are accounted for in account 03, for the lessee - account 001 (off-balance sheet).
- Liquidation is the complete write-off of a fixed asset due to moral/physical wear and tear or loss.
- Inventory - checking the actual availability of fixed assets. Account 01 reflects shortages and surpluses of fixed assets.
Budgetary organizations have their own chart of accounts; read more about fixed assets transactions in budgetary organizations.
Old deadlines and codes: what to do with them?
Now let’s talk about whether it is necessary to review the service life of fixed assets from 2021 . We hasten to reassure you: for property that was registered before December 31, 2016 inclusive, the law does not require anything to be re-registered or revised.
Thus, the standard service life of fixed assets according to the updated Classification does not need to be replayed. The fact is that it is determined only once - when the property is put into operation. And it can be extended only if the company decides to improve the facility through modernization and reconstruction. This is a common point for both types of accounting.
Feel free to leave the previous codes in the “primary” for your OS. At the same time, nothing prevents you from adding new ones next to them. Why are we talking about this? But because the developers of accounting software can rush ahead of you and replace all the old codes.
Let us remind you: you can find out the new code by the old value from the first table of Rosstandart order No. 458 dated April 21, 2016. Moreover, many positions have ceased to be considered fixed assets at all.
Here's a good example:
Read also
24.11.2016
Signs of depreciable property
The organization’s property is considered depreciable if it meets the following requirements:
- used to generate income;
- the property is planned to be used for more than 12 months;
- the value of the property exceeds RUB 100,000. (for property put into operation from January 1, 2021) or 40,000 rubles. (in relation to property put into operation earlier);
- is owned by the organization. This rule applies with some exceptions listed in paragraph 1 of Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. For example, a unitary enterprise can depreciate property received for operational management or economic management. However, if this property was created or acquired using targeted budget funding (including by the previous owner), then depreciation cannot be charged on it (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 12, 2015 No. 03-03-06/4/ 65313).
Such rules are established by paragraph 1 of Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and paragraph 7 of Article 5 of Law No. 150-FZ of June 8, 2015.
