Defects that arise during the molding of plastic products can have different origins. These may be defects associated with an unsuccessfully selected composition of the plastic (composition defects); defects caused by a violation of the molding technological regime and its incorrect selection (forming defects); as well as defects associated with insufficiently thorough mechanical processing or decoration of already molded products (finishing defects).
Composition defects arise when the recipes are incorrectly selected or low-quality components of composite plastics are used, when their optimal ratio is violated.
Composition defects include:
foreign inclusions - visible foreign inclusions resulting from contamination of the plastic composition or equipment;
reduced mechanical strength that occurs with low or excessive filler content. If the content is low, the filler does not have the proper reinforcing effect; if it is in excess, it is not completely wetted by the polymer;
increased water absorption is the result of an excess amount of hygroscopic fillers.
Molding defects arise due to deficiencies in the design of the mold and molding machines, incorrect selection or violation of the plastic processing regime. Particularly important is compliance with the temperature regime and duration of the molding operation. With deviations from the optimal molding temperature, uneven heating of molds, rapid or slow cooling, destructive processes can occur, significant internal stresses may arise, causing deformation of products, appearance of defects in appearance, and also reducing mechanical strength. The most common molding defects include the following: warping - distortion of the shape of products due to differences in the temperatures of the punch and the mold matrix, removal from the mold of an uncooled (for thermoplastics) or uncured (for thermosets) product, uneven shrinkage of plastic components;
cracks are narrow gaps in products resulting from significant internal stresses due to violation of the molding temperature conditions, as well as excessive moisture in the molding sand;
sinks are voids in products that are formed when foreign gas inclusions or gaseous destruction products enter. Shrinkage cavities occur when individual components of the mixture shrink excessively;
swellings - small or large bulges on the surface that arise as a result of increased moisture content in the molding sand, violation of the molding regime (too fast movement of the core pumping air, low specific pressure, etc.);
chips - depressions on the surface of products that occur due to mechanical damage;
burrs - sharp protrusions along the edge and bottom of the product; technological joints - visible lines of connection (junction) of portions of the casting mass, formed when the mass is overheated and low molding pressure;
streaks - noticeable traces of spreading of plastic in the form of stripes or spots due to different viscosity of the molten molding mixture;
flash (burr) - thickening on the surface of pressed products at the place where the mold is separated due to excess or low fluidity of the press powder;
risks and scratches - the result of processing the surface of the mold with coarse abrasive material or damage by foreigners on the surface of the mold;
sprue protrusion - the remaining sprue on the front surface of the product that has not been removed or cleaned;
ejector marks - protrusions and indentations on the body that appear when an unhardened product is ejected from the mold;
traces from the mold connector - a thickened seam on the surface of the product from the flow of plastic when parts of the mold are not tightly connected;
dullness - spots of reduced gloss that form due to insufficient polishing and lubrication of the mold, low temperature or insufficient exposure during pressing.
Finishing defects may be the result of careless or poor-quality performance of a number of operations to correct molding defects: poor removal of flash, poor polishing of marks, scratches and marks from mold connectors, etc. The introduction of new defects in the case of using flash to clean up and removing marks from the sprue, coarse abrasive materials. Finishing defects also include defects associated with post-technological decoration of products: the use of paint compositions with low adhesion, unclear drawing, displacement of decorative components, peeling of decor, spreading of dye, careless execution of decor, etc. In accordance with the requirements of the standards, product defects are divided into unacceptable and acceptable.
Unacceptable defects are holes, cracks, stains, flash, warping of more than 0.5% of overall dimensions (for pressed products), migration of dye, displacement of the component parts of the design and spreading of dye, distorting the appearance of the product.
Other defects are allowed in products if they do not spoil its appearance and their size (quantity) does not exceed permissible limits.
29. Make a conclusion about the quality of an enameled steel teapot with a single-color enamel coating if it has the following defects:
1. “fish scales”;
2. The cover falls out when tilted at an angle of 60º.
Solution;
To solve the problem, we use GOST 24788 - 2001. Household enameled steel utensils. General technical conditions.
1. “fish scales” - not allowed (p. 6, v. 3, p. 1)
2. “the cover falling out when tilted at an angle of 60º” is not allowed (p. 6, clause 5.3.2.2).
CONCLUSION: according to GOST 24788 - 2001, the enameled steel teapot from the received batch does not meet the requirements of the standard and is not allowed for sale.
34. Make a product description of 3 samples of metal utensils in the following form:
Galvanized buckets - purpose, application, price
Production, purpose and scope of galvanized buckets
As you know, a galvanized bucket is a container used for storing and transporting liquid and bulk materials and substances over short distances. In addition, the buckets are galvanized
can be used for storing various small parts, when loading garbage and during cleaning.
The range of use of all buckets, including galvanized ones, is very wide. Galvanized buckets will serve well when loading solutions, wood and metal shavings and sawdust, gravel, sand: their high strength makes it possible to quickly scoop up materials without using shovels, directly, without scattering them, which is not always possible to do using fragile plastic buckets. They are often used to extinguish fires or as a container for garbage. In Ukraine,
the most popular are
galvanized buckets of 10 liters
, although there are similar buckets of 7 liters, 12 liters, and also
galvanized buckets of 15 liters
.
In the construction field of human activity, a galvanized bucket is simply necessary. Here it is used for transferring and preparing enamels, varnishes, adhesives, finishing solutions and for delivering water. For ease of transportation, it is equipped with a metal shackle that can withstand weight up to 15 kg, and has a durable body that does not change shape. The increased strength and long service life of this utensil is achieved due to the fact that thin sheet metal is used for its manufacture, protected from rust and from the effects of various chemical compounds by a special coating, which distinguishes a galvanized bucket from its functional analogues produced by industry. If we compare them with plastic buckets, the disadvantage of greater weight is more than offset by the fact that they can store a wide range of chemically active substances (solvents, etc.) that do not come into contact with the protected metal, but can change not only the properties , but also the structure of polymers. All of the above is the reason that our contemporaries, who have decided to make repairs in their apartment/house, strive to buy
It is the galvanized buckets, giving them preference over all other utensils with similar functional purposes.
Galvanized bucket
No matter how modernized and modern your homestead may be, there are things that you cannot do without today, just like thirty or forty years ago. One of them is a galvanized bucket, traditionally used for various household needs. But, along with the undeniable advantages, the use of such buckets can cause some harm to health.
Today we will talk about the features of galvanized buckets and whether it is possible to heat water in them. The need to quickly heat a sufficiently large volume of water often arises in dacha conditions.
And many housewives have adapted to using galvanized buckets for these purposes.
But is it possible to do this and will the water heated in this way cause any harm? As you know, galvanized buckets are made of steel, then coated with a thin layer of zinc. When such a bucket is heated, zinc salts fall from its surface into the water, which in the future can lead to quite serious poisoning.
Therefore, such water should never be used for cooking or washing the body. But for household (washing, wet cleaning) and construction (preparation of various solutions) needs, water heated in a galvanized bucket is quite suitable. In addition, although a galvanized bucket can be used to transport water, it is still not worth storing water in it because of the danger of the same zinc salts getting into it.
Therefore, the water brought with the help of such a bucket must be poured as soon as possible into another container, for example, into an enamel or plastic bucket. On sale you can find galvanized buckets with a volume of 9 to 15 liters, both with and without a spout.
Application of buckets
Application area:
The galvanized bucket is a classic item that has found
application
in many industries. This container can be successfully used not only for storing and transporting liquids. A galvanized bucket can easily withstand high temperatures, which is why many housewives heat water in it. It is not afraid of rust and will serve you for many years.
Galvanized buckets 7 liters
, 10 liters, 15 liters and
galvanized buckets 12 liters
, are made by stitching with subsequent sealing of the seams, and the fittings of these dishes are made from metal that has similar characteristics to the original one. Being of high quality, the zinc coating does not crack or peel off. All these characteristics ensure a fairly long service life of such buckets: from three to five years. A source of information
What are the defects of carpets, dry cleaners and laundries?
As a result of use, carpet products significantly lose their original properties and acquire:
a) fatal or difficult to remove defects, which include:
- yellowing or browning of the pile surface of white and light-colored carpets. This defect can occur due to the destruction of optical brighteners over time, as well as “aging” processes (oxidative processes under the influence of light, atmospheric oxygen, etc.), as well as when moisture gets on the carpet, which is accompanied by washing out of the soil of the carpet, tannins and pectin substances (natural dyes) and their migration to the ends of the pile yarn. The defect cannot be repaired;
- the formation of pellets that appear in the initial stage of abrasion of the material.
How to write off sockets and switches
There is no clear distinction in legislation in which cases material assets are written off according to an act, and in which - on the basis of a statement. Based on an analysis of the available materials of the legislative framework, we can conclude that the act is used when disposing of valuables, the statement - when issuing them, and the invoice - when releasing.
If we turn to the Instructions for the application of a unified chart of accounts for state authorities (state bodies), local governments, management bodies of state extra-budgetary funds, state academies of sciences, state (municipal) institutions, approved. By Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 1, 2010 No. 157n, the following can be observed:
According to paragraph 51 of Instruction No. 157n: Disposal of inventory fixed assets, including movable property worth up to 3,000 rubles inclusive, accounted for off-balance sheet accounting, is reflected on the basis of the decision of the commission on receipt and disposal of assets, formalized in the prescribed manner by the corresponding primary accounting document (Act). In accordance with paragraphs 111-113 of Instruction No. 157n: Disposal of inventories in the amount of natural loss as a result of theft, shortages, losses in emergency circumstances is carried out on the basis of properly executed acts. In accordance with paragraph 116 of Instruction No. 157n: Transfer (return) material reserves to contractors, work performers or users (within the framework of paid (free) use with the exception of rental) is drawn up with a primary (consolidated) accounting document (invoice, acceptance certificate, etc.), reflecting the internal movement of material reserves, without write-off transferred objects from the balance sheet, and their simultaneous reflection on the corresponding off-balance sheet accounts. In accordance with paragraph 373 of Instruction No. 157n: Disposal of fixed assets from off-balance sheet accounting, including in connection with the identification of damage, theft, shortage and (or) decision-making on their write-off (destruction), is carried out on the basis of an Act (Acceptance Certificate -transfer, Write-off Certificate) at the cost at which the objects were previously accepted for off-balance sheet accounting. In accordance with paragraph 377 of Instruction No. 157n: The disposal of periodicals for any reason is reflected on the basis of the decision of the institution’s commission on the receipt and disposal of assets documented in the primary accounting document (Acceptance and Transfer Certificate, Write-off Certificate, other act). In accordance with clauses 379, 381, 383 of Instruction No. 157n: The disposal of property items from off-balance sheet accounting is carried out on the basis of an Act at the cost at which the objects were previously accepted for off-balance sheet accounting.
If we turn to Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 16, 2010 No. 174n “On approval of the Chart of Accounts for accounting of budgetary institutions and Instructions for its application”, regarding primary documents on the write-off of inventories, we will see:
According to clause 36 of Instruction No. 174n: Disposal of inventories is carried out on the basis of the following primary accounting documents: - Statement of issuance of material assets for the needs of the institution (f. 0504210); — Waybill (f.f. 0340002, 0345001, 0345002, 0345004, 0345005, 0345007) — used to write off all types of fuel; — Menu requirements for issuing food products (f. 0504202); — Statements for the issuance of feed and fodder (f. 0504203); — Act on write-off of inventories (f. 0504230); — Act on the write-off of soft and household equipment (f. 0504143). Used to formalize a decision to write off soft equipment and utensils. In this case, the decision to write off the dishes is made taking into account the data in the Broken Glassware Registration Book (f. 0504044); — commodity accompanying documents for the sale of finished products (goods), another document confirming the sale (shipment, transfer) of material assets by a budgetary institution, drawn up within the framework of customary business transactions, containing the mandatory details of the primary accounting document; — another primary accounting document confirming the movement (internal movement) of finished products, goods during the activities of a budgetary institution.
Sample act of writing off material assets
The defect will worsen during processing and cannot always be eliminated;
- the presence of stains from blood, paint, ink, mold, animal secretions, protein, oils, fats, fuels and lubricants, fuel oil, glue, medicines, perfumes, red wine, bleach, acids, alkalis that were on the product for a long time during operation, as well as the presence of stains resulting from independent attempts to remove them with chemicals, soap and water. These stains are generally difficult to remove and things with them are accepted without a guarantee of stain removal, and salt etchings are not removed;
- moth etchings, tears, cuts, holes, torn edges, loose hinges, abrasions. The defect cannot be repaired;
- loss or migration of color due to self-removal of stains. The defect cannot be repaired.
- Tears in the frame fabric of the carpet may occur. During operation over time, under the influence of moisture, mold, disinfectant pesticides, unskilled stain removal or washing, traces of cement, tar, glue, the backing frame fabric weakens, and during the cleaning process, tears may form on it;
- undergo shrinkage;
- cracks may form on the latex base of the rugs;
- Peeling of the secondary backing may occur in imported pile-tufted carpets, the reverse side of which, in order to increase strength, dimensional stability and imitate a woven structure, is duplicated with a secondary backing made of jute fabric or fabric containing polypropylene film thread in the warp and jute yarn in the weft. The secondary ground fabric has a loose structure like burlap and is loosely secured along the perimeter of the carpet in the overlock seams, which often leads to its detachment from the overlock seam during the use of the carpet;
- the rubber base of the carpet becomes brittle and begins to crumble;
- a tear in the foam base is formed;
- There may be tears and loss of pile in woolen looped carpets made in China;
- staining may appear on tapestries painted in red or blue tones;
- dye breakage and migration on silk carpets is possible.
c) hidden defects that may appear after dry cleaning:
Reasons for writing off furniture.
Types of furniture damage
→ → Update: June 26, 2021
Furniture purchased by an organization for use in public premises (offices, hotels, cafes, shops, doctors' offices, concert halls, etc.) falls into disrepair much more often than its domestic counterparts. As a result of intensive use, individual items may be broken, dirty, the upholstery may be torn, etc.
Information that the organization’s property has fallen into disrepair is recorded in the process of drawing up annual inventory documents or at the time such facts are discovered.
The main reasons for writing off furniture (tables, chairs, etc.)
Inventory accounting Expand the list of categories Subscribe to a special free weekly newsletter to keep abreast of all changes in accounting: Join us on social media. networks: VAT, insurance premiums, simplified tax system 6%, simplified tax system 15%, UTII, personal income tax, penalties We send letters with the main discussions of the week >> Tax-tax January 07, 2021 The reason for writing off a chair, table, cabinet or office chair is the loss of most of the operational characteristics and criteria allowing the further use of the written-off item.
Let's consider the question in more detail. When we talk about furniture, we mostly think about office furniture. Although this could also be the setting of retail or industrial premises, as well as catering premises.
General points for which furniture can be considered unsuitable for further use are:
How to draw up an act for writing off materials
In any production one cannot do without writing off material assets. The reasons may be different, but there must always be a documented basis for the process. How is an act drawn up when writing off materials? Production processes are invariably accompanied by user consumption of raw materials and material assets.
Consumed materials must be shown in accounting. That is, the expense must be documented to confirm the write-off. How to properly prepare an act when writing off materials?
It is not only raw materials used for production that are subject to write-off.
Any materials and valuables consumed by the business entity are written off.
In addition to the fact that confirmation of write-off is important for the reliability of accounting, documentation also plays a huge role for taxation.
When and what to write off and how to formalize it?
The standard process of writing off materials is carried out once a month. In this case, only those values that are officially accepted for accounting can be written off. The procedure is accompanied by the creation. The amount of materials consumed is determined taking into account the volume indicated in the receipt documentation as an initial indicator. Any consumption of material is confirmed by consumable documents. These data are indicated in the act with reference to supporting documents.
It is also important to take into account natural losses when writing off materials.
For example, individual materials may decrease in volume at or . If normal losses are ignored, over time they can accumulate and become significant, leading to shortages.
Reason for writing off a tool that has become unusable
/ / 03/08/2018 5,029 Views 03/12/2018 03/12/2018 03/12/2018 The act is endorsed by the head of the tool or planning department and submitted to the central tool warehouse (CIS), which issues tools (devices) to the workshop of the same name, brand and size according to the act without issuing claims and limit cards. After the warehouse issues the tools (devices), the act is transferred to the accounting department, where, according to these acts, the tools (devices) are written off from the warehouse, without reflecting their movement through the dispensing storerooms of the workshops. Tools (devices) issued by the warehouse in the order of exchange according to acts are not reflected in the registration cards of distribution pantries.
[3] It is used to formalize the write-off of tools (devices) that have become unusable and exchange them for suitable ones at those enterprises where accounting is carried out using the exchange (working) fund method.
Material write-off act
35983 Drawing up an act for writing off materials is required in cases where the material assets and inventories on the organization’s balance sheet have become unusable for some reason.
Write-offs occur in a strictly established manner and are recorded in the appropriate act.
FILES To write off material assets, the creation of a special commission is required.
It consists of financially responsible persons, as a rule, from different structural divisions of the enterprise.
It is their responsibility to identify and examine damage, defects or malfunctions of equipment, machinery, furniture, household equipment, tools and other valuables contained on the organization’s balance sheet. After recording such facts, they are authorized to draw up an act of write-off of materials.
As a rule, in large organizations there are specially developed clear instructions for such actions. To write off materials, there must be compelling reasons with documentary evidence. Write-off of materials cannot occur without compelling reasons, confirmed by a certain evidence base.
In particular, during the procedure for writing off materials, supporting documents can be used. So, these are: reports on products produced over a certain period (its volume, names, etc.); reports from financially responsible persons on the material assets used; written documents on the consumption of materials in excess of established standards (with justification for these facts);
Write-off of fixed assets in 2021: reasons, documentation, order
Any equipment has its own service life, after which it must be written off.
To do this correctly, you need to act in a certain order, regulated by law. We will look at how to write off fixed assets in 2021 in the article.
Any accountant directly involved in the acceptance, depreciation and write-off of fixed assets must clearly know the procedure and the required list of documents. Otherwise, the tax service may have questions regarding the legality of the write-off and the lack of required documents. Before writing off fixed assets at an enterprise, it is necessary to study the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 33n dated July 20, 1998.
It contains information about mandatory activities and documents and regulates the procedure for accounting for fixed assets. Contents Writing off fixed assets seems common and simple, but in reality the company needs to draw up a number of papers that would confirm the legality of disposal of fixed assets.
The disposal is preceded by the execution of an order to create a special commission, which is tasked with writing off fixed assets (documentary registration of the formation of such a commission is strictly necessary). It includes the following persons:
- chief accountant of the company;
- technical specialists;
- MOLs to which fixed assets subject to disposal are assigned.
During the creation of the commission, their powers are determined.
We recommend reading: Overhead costs for the apartment department
The guidelines provide for the inclusion of the following functionality in this list:
- The commission is inspecting the decommissioned facility.
Computer and sledgehammer
Author PPT.RU November 22, 2013 Sooner or later the time comes when a fixed asset, for one reason or another, needs to be written off from the balance sheet. Either it has fallen into complete physical disrepair, or has ceased to meet modern requirements - what is scientifically called physical and moral wear and tear.
The easiest way comes to mind by itself - take it and throw it in the trash. Sometimes they do this. What if you can’t just throw it away?
Decommissioning sledgehammer
02/21/2019 I.e. There needs to be a compelling reason for an organization to write off the ax from its balance sheet. Please advise, I really need it. An act for writing off the axe. A commission consisting of: foreman Lyapkin A.A., occupational safety engineer Tyapkin O.O., accountant Hapkin U.U.
drawn up this report that the carpenter's ax inventory number 001 has become unusable due to long-term use: there are small cracks and peelings of metal on the butt of the ax, there is a longitudinal crack and significant grooves on the blade, the correction of which is not possible. This ax does not meet safety requirements, as a result of which further operation is not possible. Signatures of the commission members. Well, something like this.
Write the defects more specifically. Source: Act MB-5 is endorsed by the head of the instrumental department, and is submitted to the central instrumental department
Sample act on write-off of soft and household equipment
Approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia dated May 16, 2003 N 750
Agreed by letter of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated April 10, 2003 N KL-01-21/1381
Form N 421-APK
ACT N _____ FOR WRITTEN OFF INVENTORY AND HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES ————— ¦ Codes ¦ +————-+ OKUD form ¦ ¦ I approve +————-+ Date (day, month, year) ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Manager +—+—-+—-+ ________________ ______________ Organization __________ according to OKPO ¦ ¦ personal signature transcript +————-+ signatures Department (site) ¦ ¦ “__” __________ 200_ +————-+ Farm ¦ ¦ +————-+ Brigade ¦ ¦ ————— —————————————————————— ¦ N ¦Name¦Inven-¦Koli-¦Price ¦Amount, ¦Correspondent- ¦Reason ¦ ¦p/p¦ object ¦tararary¦honest-¦ ¦ rub. ¦account- ¦write-off¦ ¦ ¦ ¦number ¦in ¦ ¦ ¦tov ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ +————+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦debit¦credit¦ ¦ +—+——— —+——+——+——+——+——+——+———+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ +—+————+——+——+—— +——+——+——+———+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ +—+————+——+——+——+——+——+——+ ———+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ +—+————+——+——+——+——+——+——+———+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ +—+————+——+——+——+——+——+——+———+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ —-+——— —+——+——+——+——+——+——+——— The commission found that the above items had become unsuitable for further use and were subject to write-off. All waste unsuitable for use in production was destroyed in the presence of the commission by __________________ __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Chairman of the commission ___________ ______________ _________________ position personal signature signature transcript Members of the commission: ___________ ______________ _________________ position personal signature signature transcript ___________ ______________ _________________ position personal signature signature transcript ___________ ______________ _________________ position personal signature decoding of signature Materially responsible person ___________ ______________ _________________ position personal signature decoding of signature Reverse side of form N 421-APK Calculation of results from the liquidation of objects —————————————————————— ¦ Costs of liquidation ¦ Received from liquidation ¦ +————————————+—————————+ ¦ title of documents ¦ articles ¦ amount ¦ title ¦ articles ¦ amount ¦ ¦ ¦ costs ¦ ¦ documents ¦costs ¦ ¦ +———————+——-+——+————+——-+——+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ +———————+—— -+——+————+——-+——+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ +———————+——-+——+————+——-+— —+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ +———————+——-+——+————+——-+——+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ +————— ——+——-+——+————+——-+——+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ———————-+——-+——+————+ ——-+——- Amount of depreciation ___________________ rub. Results from liquidation __________________________________________ In the card (book) the write-off of property about ___________ Chief Accountant ___________________ ____________________________ personal signature signature transcript
Despite the fairly simple design, during operation of the bayonet shovel it can fail. This may occur due to non-compliance with the requirements for the load on the tool, for example, when developing excessively hard soils, or performing work unusual for a shovel. We list the main damage to a bayonet shovel that can be repaired with your own hands, the causes of these damages, as well as the technology for repairing this tool.
Damage to the wooden part (handle) of the shovel.
This type of damage can occur when digging through very hard soil, such as dried clay.
If you stick a shovel into the ground and try to lift it with the soil, the handle may not hold up and crack or even break.
In this case, you will most likely have to replace the cutting. Using pliers, a screwdriver or wire cutters, we pull out the handle fasteners (the type of tool used depends on how the metal part is secured - a nail or a self-tapping screw). Next, remove the broken part of the handle. If a part remains in the shovel, it can be knocked out with a hammer and a metal pin. As a pin, you can use a piece of reinforcement, a thick screwdriver, or even a piece of a stick or strip a little thinner than the handle of a shovel.
Using a knife or plane, we sharpen a new handle and hammer it into the metal part. At the same time, he must fit tightly into it. It may be necessary to trim the sharpened part a little at an acute angle so that the protruding part of the handle does not rest during work. After this, we fix the metal part to the handle.
This can be done with nails or screws. In the first case, you need to take a thick nail with a cross-section slightly smaller than the diameter of the mounting hole. After this, we cut it off using a grinder, a file or a hacksaw so that the nail with the head becomes 1 - 1.5 cm shorter than the diameter of the handle. Next we hammer it into the hole. If you decide to go with a self-tapping screw, we note that it holds dynamic loads much better.
As a self-tapping screw, it is necessary to select a thick version that is suitable for the diameter of the hole for fastening, and also 1 - 1.5 cm shorter than the diameter of the handle. A roofing screw with a hex key head is perfect for these purposes.
Crack in the metal part.
Due to heavy loads, a crack may occur in the metal part at the junction of the flat part and the fastening part. Such a defect can be partially eliminated using conventional electric welding.
We remove the metal part from the handle and clean the gap or crack from rust. Next, we weld the crack along its entire length, if necessary, aligning the torn parts as closely as possible. The metal on the shovel is quite thick, so a 3 mm thick electrode will be just right. After that, use a grinder to clean the seam. All that remains is to re-attach the shovel to the handle and you can use it. Of course, the shovel will not have the initial strength, but it is easily suitable for loose and loose soils. The only requirement for such a repair is that the metal part must be made of steel.
Deterioration of the cutting properties of the shovel.
Over time, the shovel begins to become dull - this means the cutting edge. As a result, more and more effort is required to drive a shovel into the ground. This can be easily removed with a sharpening machine.
We sharpen the blade like a regular table knife on both sides and the shovel again begins to cut the soil like butter.
If you don't have an electric sharpener, you can do this with a hand-held sharpening stone or file, although in this case it will take a lot more time and effort. The edge must be sharpened to rounding (the vertical edges of the metal part.
Reasons for writing off a galvanized bucket
Contents Utensils made of metal are mainly produced in two ways: the casting method and the plastic deformation method, this is determined by the type of metal or alloy used.
Each method is characterized by certain defects, for this reason they are considered separately. Rodina, T.G. Commodity research of homogeneous groups of non-food products: Textbook for bachelors / L.G.
Eliseeva, T.G. Rodina, A.V. Ryzhakova; Ed. L.G. Eliseeva. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2013. - 930 p. Shells are open or closed cavities in the body of goods.
Defects in utensils made of metal
Utensils made of metal are mainly produced in two ways: the casting method and the plastic deformation method, this is determined by the type of metal or alloy used.
Each method is characterized by certain defects, for this reason they are considered separately. Rodina, T.G. Commodity research of homogeneous groups of non-food products: Textbook for bachelors / L.G. Eliseeva, T.G. Rodina, A.V. Ryzhakova; Ed. L.G. Eliseeva. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2013. - 930 p. Shells are open or closed cavities in the body of goods.
Cracks are through or non-through ruptures of metals that appear in a hot or cold state.
Warping is a distortion of the shape and size of goods under the influence of internal stresses (with uneven cooling).
Underfilling is the result of incomplete filling of the mold with molten metal.
A junction is a through or surface depression or gap with rounded edges. Appears during breaks in pouring metals.
Chill (a defect in cast iron cookware) is the formation of free cementite in the surface layer in the form of a light crust.
Mechanical damage - dents, nicks, damage to the integrity of the casting (formed when the mold is knocked out).
Stamping defects are observed in all types of steel utensils, utensils made of copper alloys, and sheet aluminum:
Fractures are the rupture of metals during deformation.
Nicks are the introduction into the surface of a product of pieces of metal that have fallen into the stamp.
Dents are local deformation of goods due to mechanical stress.
Corrugations are wavy folds on the surface of a product.
Burrs are sharp, uneven edges of products.
Drawing is the spiral-shaped and concentric marks of a press when processed on pressing machines.
Side waviness is the deviation of the edge of the pan from the specified shape.
Thickening or thinning is observed in individual parts of goods.
Defects of the protective and decorative coating include:
Enamel rebound is a local absence of enamel due to its detachment.
Scaly (“fish scales”) - chipping of enamel in the form of small scales on the convex surfaces of the body and bottom of goods.
Hairline cracks (cec) are a system of tiny cracks in places during welding of reinforcement due to uneven cooling or impacts.
Exposure of metals or ground enamel.
Bubbles, boils - local swelling of the enamel when, during firing, gaseous inclusions do not have time to release.
Craters are burst bubbles.
Enamel burnouts are exposure of soil or metals due to burnout of the enamel.
Matt spots are areas of zinc coating characterized by a lack of shine.
Traces of oxides are oxides of zinc and aluminum embedded in the surface of the coating.
Zinc deposits are local thickenings and drips of the zinc coating.
Pockmarking is an uneven or insufficiently tinned surface.
Drip - strip thickenings, “drops” on tinned and zinc surfaces.
Dark spots (dots) - on galvanized steel utensils and utensils made of copper alloys.
Peeling of the coating layer.
Coating cracks.
Decoration defects are characterized by the following types:
Assembling the decal means breaking the design and tearing the paint.
Underburning of the paint - the paint does not melt completely, looks dull, matte, and does not adhere firmly.
Burnt paint - the paint is burnt out and abruptly changes its tone.
Burnout of the design - punctures and blisters on the surface of the paint.
Unclear outline of the drawing.
Erasure of the drawing.
Current standards do not provide for the division of utensils made of metal into grades; they can be standard in quality; non-standard, but suitable for implementation (meets safety requirements); marriage.
