collection of problems in the discipline “Fundamentals of Accounting” educational and methodological manual on the topic

What is an account

Every commercial company is created for the purpose of making a profit.
At the same time, she makes various transactions every day, the accounting of which is very easy to get confused without a clearly organized accounting structure. Moreover, according to Art. 2 of the Law “On Accounting” dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, all legal entities are required to maintain accounting records. It is organized through continuous documentation of each business transaction and carries several functions:

• informational;
• control;
• feedback;
• analytical.

Find out who is responsible for organizing accounting here.

Accounting provides information about the financial and economic state of affairs to both internal (managers, management, founders, etc.) and external users (controlling, fiscal and other government agencies).

One of the accounting methods is double entry using accounts approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n (for commercial structures).

You can familiarize yourself with the chart of accounts in this article.

Double entry is an accounting entry that reflects a business transaction using 2 offsetting accounts. Each account has a specific number, structure and characteristics. In this case, the same amount is recorded in both accounts.

Example 1

Consider the operation “Cash in the amount of 20,000 rubles. handed over from the cash desk to the bank.”

Based on its economic meaning, we select the appropriate corresponding accounts: 50 “Cash”, 51 “Settlement accounts”.

Funds are sent from the credit of account 50 to the debit of account 51. This operation is recorded by a cash receipt order, a bank statement, the counterfoil of an advertisement for cash deposits and the entry: Dt 51 Kt 50 - in the amount of 20,000 rubles.

This means that the balance at the bank servicing the enterprise increased, but at the cash desk decreased by the same amount (RUB 20,000).

To use accounts correctly, you must not only choose them correctly, but also know what type they are.

Accounts can be active, passive and active-passive.

Active accounts reflect the assets (property, debts, etc.) of the enterprise and have only a debit (positive) balance. An increase in assets is recorded as a debit to the corresponding account, a write-off is recorded as a credit.

The main active accounts are presented in the table:

Liability accounts indicate the sources of the company's assets and have only a credit balance. These include, in particular:

Active-passive accounts include accounts that have both a debit and a credit balance. For example, if account 60 “Settlements with suppliers” has a credit balance, it means that the company owes the counterparty for supplies or services supplied. If we paid an advance to the supplier, it means that the counterparty already owes our company. This transaction has a debit balance.

On account 62, an unpaid receivable may arise, which in some cases is considered doubtful, because may not be paid by the buyer. In order to correctly reflect such debt on the balance sheet, each organization is required to create a reserve for doubtful debts.

Find out how to correctly record entries for doubtful debts in the ConsultantPlus ready-made solution by getting trial access to the system for free.

Accounts also have analytics for subaccounts. For example, for account 10 these will be accounts 10.1 “Raw materials”, 10.2 “Purchased semi-finished products”, 10.3 “Fuel”, etc.

Preparation of accounting entries

People who have chosen the accounting profession and begin to study theory and practice should remember the following:

• Accounting is a harmonious scientific system.
• For accounting at any level, the principle of double entry is used, that is, any transaction in total terms is reflected simultaneously in two accounts.
• The work uses a system of accounting entries, which are, in essence, accounts reflecting the amounts of business transactions based on actual documents.

A double entry must contain information about the same amount reflected in the debit and credit of a pair of accounts that are a common related structure. This structure is called correspondent debt, and the accounts involved in it are called correspondent accounts. Students studying the theory of accounting operations should master the features of maintaining accounts:

• The active side reflects the volume of material assets of the enterprise;
• Liability – accounts payable of a legal entity;
• Active-passive type accounts simultaneously show debt of a debit and credit nature.

Accounting entries can be simple or complex. In the first case, the amounts are reflected in the DT of one account and the CT of another account; in the second case, the reflection of the operation can be combined, when the DT of an account is used in a configuration with the CT of several accounts or several DT collect amounts from the CT of different accounts:

Table of transactions for business transactions in accounting

There are a great variety of wiring. In this case, a business transaction can be reflected in 1 entry (simple entries) or several (complex entries).

For example, goods were received with VAT in the amount of 50,000 rubles. This fact must be reflected in 2 entries:

• goods and materials arrived at the warehouse: Dt 41 Kt 60 - 42,372.88 rubles;
• Input VAT is allocated: Dt 19 Kt 60 - 7,627.12 rubles.

Find typical accounting entries for VAT accounting here.

Let's look at the basic entries in accounting.

Accounting for fixed assets and intangible assets:

Read more about fixed asset accounting in the article “Accounting for fixed assets - accounting entries” .

Inventory accounting:

For detailed entries for materials accounting, see the article “Accounting entries for materials accounting .

Cost accounting:

Examples of cost accounting entries can be found in this article.

Accounting for goods and finished products:

The algorithm for accounting for goods is reflected in the article “Postings Dt 41 and Kt 41, 60 (nuances)” .

Cash accounting (hereinafter referred to as DS):

More detailed information can be found in the section “Bank, cash desk” .

Accounting for settlements:

For the procedure for accounting for mutual settlements with suppliers and customers, see the articles:

• “Account 60 in accounting (nuances)”;
• “Account 62 in accounting (nuances)”;
• “Keeping records of accounts receivable and payable.”

Capital Accounting:

For the main entries for capital accounting, see the article “Procedure for accounting for an organization’s own capital (nuances)” .

Financial results:

We talked about the entries for accounting for retained earnings on account 84 here.

How to compile them? Basic principles

When conducting accounting, specialists will use three types of accounts: active, passive and active-passive . Active enterprises must reflect cash, inventory, fixed assets and non-current assets, inventory balances, etc. Passive legal entities reflect all their obligations to the state, business partners, employees, and creditors.

Active-passive accounts are also designed to display business transactions, but differ in that they can simultaneously contain both a credit and a debit balance. An example is the debt (prepayment) that a particular supplier has to a company in parallel with the debt (goods received without payment) that the same company has to the same supplier.

When preparing accounting entries, you need to remember the following nuances:

• active accounts can only have a debit balance, while passive accounts can only have a credit balance;
• the increase in passive accounts occurs only by credit, and active accounts - by debit;
• the balance on active-passive accounts can be reflected simultaneously in both liabilities and assets of the balance sheet;
• when compiling a balance sheet, the balances of passive accounts are displayed on the right side, and the balances of active accounts on the left;
• to reduce an active account, you need to make entries on its credit, and to reduce a passive account, you need to make debit entries.

Posting is a way of expressing the correspondence of accounts, the basis for which is a completed business transaction. When compiling them, it is recommended to adhere to the following scheme:

1. It is necessary to determine which accounts and accounting objects are affected by the transaction being processed (its economic content is taken into account).
2. It is necessary to establish which accounts will be involved in the posting (passive or active).
3. The account to be credited or debited must be determined. To do this, the sources of origin of the operation and all related factors are taken into account.

When making simple entries, two accounts are affected, for example, when money is received at the company's cash desk from the current account, the following entry is made: Kt 51 Dt 50. When making complex entries, several accounting accounts are involved.

You can clearly see the procedure for making transactions in the following video:

Double entry principle

Reflection of business transactions on accounting accounts by specialists is carried out using the double entry method.

The essence of this method is as follows: for each operation, the accountant makes a corresponding entry simultaneously on the debit of one account and on the credit of another account .

Examples of accounting entries for analyzing changes in the balance sheet under the influence of business transactions

Let's look at examples of basic accounting entries using the example of Alliance LLC.

Example 2

In June Gordienko A.V. decided to create a company for the production of custom-made furniture. He had his own savings of 100,000 rubles. and a machine worth 55,000 rubles. This property was contributed by him as a contribution to the authorized capital.

The very first entry in any company is the reflection of the authorized capital. Selecting the corresponding accounts:

• 75 “Settlements with founders”;
• 80 “Authorized capital”.

According to the constituent documents, Gordienko A.V. must contribute 155,000 rubles to Alliance LLC. We record this fact by writing: Dt 75 Kt 80 - 155,000 rubles.

Of these, 100,000 rubles. were deposited into a bank account. Current accounts are account 51. We send funds from Gordienko A.V. to the company's account with the following posting: Dt 51 Kt 75 - 100,000 rubles.

According to sub. 5 clause 1 PBU 6/01 property worth no more than 40,000 rubles. can be taken into account as part of inventories (inventories). If an asset is valued at a higher cost, it is classified as depreciable property. Thus, we record the receipt of fixed assets as a contribution to the management company with the entry: Dt 08 Kt 75 - 55,000 rubles.

If a company applies PBU 18/02, it is obliged to reflect temporary differences between accounting and tax accounting (BU and NU), since in tax accounting assets with a cost of 100,000 rubles are included in fixed assets. and more. What transactions should be used to display temporary differences between accounting and financial accounting and what changes in PBU 18/02 apply from 2021? The answers to these and other questions are in the ConsultantPlus ready-made solution; get trial access to the system for free.

We put the OS object into operation by wiring: Dt 01 Kt 08 - 55,000 rubles.

At the end of the month, it will be necessary to calculate depreciation according to the method prescribed in the accounting policy. Since the machine is directly involved in production, we select account 20 to account for depreciation costs.

According to the accounting policy, the company uses the straight-line method of calculating depreciation. The useful life of the machine is 60 months (55,000 rubles divided by 60 months and we get 900 rubles of depreciation per month).

For examples of calculating depreciation using the FIFO and LIFO methods, see the article “Example of calculation using the FIFO and LIFO methods in accounting.”

This fact is reflected by the entry: Dt 20 Kt 02 - 900 rub.

Cash in the amount of 70,000 rubles. were used to purchase materials.

Let's make the wiring:

• Dt 60 Kt 51 - 70,000 rub. (materials paid to the supplier, primary document - bank statement);
• Dt 10 Kt 60 - 59,300 rub. (materials received, primary material - TORG-12, invoice);
• Dt 19 Kt 60 - 10,700 rub. (input VAT included).

The company submitted input VAT for deduction, reflecting it in the purchase book and recording it with the following posting: Dt 68 (VAT subaccount) Kt 19 - 10,700 rubles.

During the month, the company produced 2 orders:

• wardrobe with a cost of 25,000 rubles. (including materials for 15,000 rubles and payroll 10,000 rubles, including contributions);
• kitchen set costing 45,000 rubles. (including materials for 35,000 rubles and payroll 10,000 rubles, including contributions).

Thus, materials in the amount of 50,000 rubles. (15,000 + 35,000) were written off for production.

The cabinet was sold for 42,000 rubles, and the kitchen set for 70,000 rubles. Payment for the cabinet was received in the amount of 20,000 rubles. The balance is 22,000 rubles. The buyer, according to the agreement, will transfer until July 10. Payment for the kitchen has been received in full.

On June 15, the bank received DS in the amount of 15,000 rubles: Dt 50 Kt 51 - 15,000 rubles.

Of this, an advance was paid to employees in the amount of 12,000 rubles: Dt 70 Kt 50 - 12,000 rubles.

An accountant works at Alliance LLC. On June 30, he received a salary of 5,000 rubles, and contributions from the payroll amounted to 1,500 rubles:

• Dt 26 Kt 70 - 5,000 rub.;
• Dt 26 Kt 69 — 1,500 rub.

On the same day, contributions were transferred from the salaries of all employees: Dt 69 Kt 51 - 6,100 rubles. (4,600 + 1,500).

Since the employer is a tax agent, he is obliged to withhold and transfer personal income tax from the income of employees. For residents it is 13%. That is, for June, Alliance LLC needs to transfer 2,600 rubles to the budget. (20,400 × 13%).

These operations are recorded by postings:

• Dt 70 Kt 68 (personal income tax subaccount) - tax accrued;
• Dt 68 Kt 51 - tax transfer.

On the last day of the month, it is necessary to close cost accounts to identify financial results. During the month, all general production and general business expenses are collected in Dt account 25 (26).

At the end of the month, the balance is distributed among the products produced and is recorded as follows: Dt 20 Kt 26 - 6,500 rubles.

The balance of account 20 is closed to the debit of account 90 in the absence of work in progress: Dt 90.2 Kt 20 - 7,400 rubles.

To compile a summary SALT, and then prepare to submit the balance, let’s consider the turnover for each account involved.

Thus, in June Alliance LLC earned 17,500 rubles.

Consolidated SALT for June Alliance LLC

The article “Accounting and analysis of financial results” will help to analyze the company’s performance in more detail and determine the impact of business transactions on the balance sheet.

Posting examples

Currently, a large number of methodological manuals are regularly published for accountants, which indicate the most common entries for a particular type of activity.

Using existing examples, specialists will be able to avoid the most common mistakes when compiling correspondence accounts and posting them to the appropriate accounting registers.

By salary

When preparing entries for operations, the essence of which is to carry out settlements with employees, specialists must make the following account correspondence:

Renting premises

When renting out space or a building, entries are made by both the owner of the fixed asset and the tenant. They prepare correspondence accounts for any action related to the leased property.

The main ones are shown in the table:

Wholesale and retail trade

When carrying out business activities related to the sale of goods, finished products, works or services, legal entities make many transactions.

To reflect transactions in this area in accounting, the following entries must be made:

Assignment agreement

When drawing up this agreement, the accountant of any commercial organization carrying out economic activities in the status of a legal entity must draw up correspondence accounts.

For such operations the following transactions are used:

Cash transactions

Business entities must document cash transactions in accordance with the CCP in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

To compile correspondence, the accountant uses the following accounts:

• 50 – cash register;
• 51 – current account;
• 70 – payroll calculations;
• 73 – other calculations;
• 62 – settlements with customers;
• 75 – replenishment of the authorized capital;
• 71 – settlements with accountable persons;
• 91 – reflection of exchange rate differences;
• 94 – reflection of shortages;
• 76 – other payments.

How inventory is accounted for at an enterprise - see this article. You can find all the necessary information about business transactions in accounting here.

Provision of services

When providing services, business entities draw up acceptance certificates. If a legal entity is a value added tax payer, it is obliged to issue an invoice according to which VAT is deducted.

The following entries are made in accounting:

With fixed assets

If a business entity has fixed assets on its balance sheet that it uses in carrying out business activities, it must draw up correspondence accounts as follows:

Closing of the year

At the end of each reporting year, the accountant is required to make special entries that will allow some accounts to be closed. This procedure is called balance sheet reformation , it represents the zeroing of some accounting accounts.

It is mandatory for specialists to close accounts 90, 91, 99 and prepare the following correspondence:

Taxes and state duties

Each business entity, when conducting business, is faced with the need to accrue and transfer taxes, mandatory payments and fees to the budget. Also, legal entities have to pay a state fee when preparing documents or receiving any services from government agencies.

In accounting, they are required to reflect every business transaction related to taxes, fees and duties:

Loans issued

When accounting for loans, which have recently begun to be actively issued to both full-time employees and business partners, the following entries are made:

Acquiring

In recent years, Russian companies have increasingly begun to use acquiring in their work, which allows them to accept bank cards from buyers (when paying for goods, works or services sold). When carrying out this type of calculation, accountants may encounter various problems that relate to the process of preparing entries.

Using standard invoice correspondence, they will be able to minimize the risk of making errors, which often cause penalties:

Results

The main purpose of accounting is to inform all interested users about the state of affairs in the company. In order to generate reliable and complete information, continuous accounting of transactions using the double entry method is used.

To record a business transaction, you must select current accounts from the working chart of accounts approved in the company's accounting policy. Possible correspondence of accounts are also given in order No. 94n.

Sources:

• Federal Law of December 6, 2011 N 402-FZ “On Accounting”
• Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 N 94n

You can find more complete information on the topic in ConsultantPlus. Free trial access to the system for 2 days.