I. General provisions
1. These Regulations establish the rules for the formation in accounting of information about the organization’s fixed assets. An organization is further understood as a legal entity under the laws of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit organizations and state (municipal) institutions). (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 25, 2010 N 132n)
2. Item excluded. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
3. This Regulation does not apply to:
machines, equipment and other similar items listed as finished products in the warehouses of manufacturing organizations, as goods - in the warehouses of organizations engaged in trading activities;
items handed over for installation or to be installed that are in transit;
capital and financial investments.
4. An asset is accepted by an organization for accounting as fixed assets if the following conditions are simultaneously met:
a) the object is intended for use in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, for the management needs of the organization, or to be provided by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;
b) the object is intended to be used for a long time, i.e. a period exceeding 12 months or the normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
c) the organization does not intend the subsequent resale of this object;
d) the object is capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.
A non-profit organization accepts an object for accounting as fixed assets if it is intended for use in activities aimed at achieving the goals of creating this non-profit organization (including in business activities carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation), for management needs non-profit organization, as well as if the conditions established in subparagraphs “b” and “c” of this paragraph are met.
The useful life is the period during which the use of an item of fixed assets brings economic benefits (income) to the organization. For certain groups of fixed assets, the useful life is determined based on the quantity of products (volume of work in physical terms) expected to be received as a result of the use of this object. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
5. Fixed assets include: buildings, structures, working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer equipment, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment and accessories, working, productive and breeding livestock, perennial plantings, on-farm roads and other relevant facilities.
The following are also taken into account as part of fixed assets: capital investments for radical improvement of land (drainage, irrigation and other reclamation works); capital investments in leased fixed assets; land plots, environmental management objects (water, subsoil and other natural resources).
Fixed assets intended exclusively for provision by an organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use for the purpose of generating income are reflected in accounting and financial statements as part of profitable investments in tangible assets. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
Assets in respect of which the conditions provided for in paragraph 4 of these Regulations are met, and with a value within the limit established in the organization’s accounting policy, but not more than 40,000 rubles per unit, may be reflected in accounting and financial statements as part of inventories. In order to ensure the safety of these objects in production or during operation, the organization must organize proper control over their movement. (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n, dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)
6. The accounting unit for fixed assets is an inventory item. An inventory item of fixed assets is an object with all its fixtures and accessories, or a separate structurally isolated item intended to perform certain independent functions, or a separate complex of structurally articulated items that constitute a single whole and are intended to perform a specific job. A complex of structurally articulated objects is one or more objects of the same or different purposes, having common devices and accessories, common control, mounted on the same foundation, as a result of which each object included in the complex can perform its functions only as part of the complex, and not independently.
If one object has several parts, the useful lives of which differ significantly, each such part is accounted for as an independent inventory item. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
An item of fixed assets owned by two or more organizations is reflected by each organization as part of fixed assets in proportion to its share in the common property.
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Purchase of fixed assets for a fee
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The initial cost of fixed assets acquired for a fee is recognized as the amount of the organization's actual costs for acquisition, construction and production, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation). The actual costs for the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets are:
amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller), as well as amounts paid for delivering the object and bringing it into a condition suitable for use;
amounts paid to organizations for carrying out work under construction contracts and other contracts;
amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of fixed assets;
customs duties and customs fees;
non-refundable taxes, state duties paid in connection with the acquisition of fixed assets;
remunerations paid to the intermediary organization through which the fixed asset was acquired;
other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and manufacture of fixed assets (clause 8 of PBU 6/01).
Example 1.1
The organization purchased a machine worth 59,000 rubles, including VAT - 9,000 rubles. To deliver the machine, the organization used the services of a transport organization. Delivery cost - 4720 rubles. (including VAT - 720 rubles). The machine is put into operation. The invoices of the machine supplier and the transport organization have been paid.
Let's make accounting entries:
Debit 08 “Investments in non-current assets” Credit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
— for the amount of the cost of the machine (excluding VAT) — 50,000 rubles;
Debit 19 “Value added tax on purchased assets” Credit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
— for the amount of VAT allocated in the supplier’s invoice — 9,000 rubles; Debit 08 “Investments in non-current assets” Credit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
— for the amount of the cost of services for the delivery of the machine — 4000 rubles; Debit 19 “Value added tax on purchased
values" Credit 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"
- for the amount of VAT allocated in the invoice of the transport organization - 720 rubles;
Debit 01 “Fixed assets” Credit 08 “Investments in non-current assets”
— the amount of actual costs for purchasing the machine — 54,000 rubles. (50,000 rub. + 4,000 rub.);
Debit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” Credit 19 “Value added tax on purchased assets”
- for the amount of VAT subject to deduction - 9720 rubles [1];
Debit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” Credit 51 “Settlement accounts”
- for the amount of money transferred to the supplier for the machine - 59,000 rubles;
Debit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” Credit 51 “Settlement accounts”
- for the amount of money transferred to the transport organization for the delivery of the machine - 4720 rubles.
Receipt of fixed assets as a contribution to the authorized capital
The initial cost of fixed assets contributed to a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of an organization is recognized as their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation (clause 9 of PBU 6/01). The initial cost of fixed assets accepted for accounting in accordance with clause 9 is determined in relation to the procedure given in clause 8 of PBU 6/01 (clause 12 of PBU 6/01).
When a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of an organization is received in the form of fixed assets, an entry is made in the debit of the account for accounting for investments in non-current assets in correspondence with the account for accounting for settlements with the founders.
Acceptance for accounting of fixed assets received as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital is reflected in the debit of the fixed assets account in correspondence with the credit of the account of investments in non-current assets.
In a similar manner, the initial cost of fixed assets received during the formation of the authorized capital or mutual fund is determined (clause 28 of the Guidelines for accounting for fixed assets).
Example 1.2
The founder of the organization contributed an object of fixed assets, valued by the founders at 25,000 rubles, as a contribution to the authorized capital. The organization incurred additional costs associated with the delivery of the object. The cost of services of the transport organization for delivery of the object amounted to 2950 rubles. (including VAT - 450 rubles).
Let's make accounting entries:
Debit 08 “Investments in non-current assets” Credit 75 “Settlements with founders”
- for the amount of the cost of the fixed asset item recognized as the founder’s contribution to the authorized capital - 25,000 rubles;
Debit 08 “Investments in non-current assets” Credit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
— for the amount of the cost of services of a transport organization — 2500 rubles;
Debit 19 “Value added tax on purchased assets” Credit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
- for the amount of VAT allocated in the documents of the transport organization - 450 rubles;
Debit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” Credit 19 “Value added tax on purchased assets”
- for the amount of VAT subject to deduction - 450 rubles;
Debit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” Credit 51 “Settlement accounts”
- for the amount of funds transferred to the transport organization to pay for delivery services - 2950 rubles;
Debit 01 “Fixed assets” Credit 08 “Investments in non-current assets”
- for the amount of the initial cost of the fixed asset item contributed to the contribution to the authorized capital - 27,500 rubles. (RUB 25,000 + RUB 2,500).
Free receipt of fixed assets
The initial value of fixed assets received by an organization under a gift agreement (free of charge) is recognized as their current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting as investments in non-current assets (clause 10 of PBU 6/01). The current market value is understood as the amount of money that can be received as a result of the sale of the specified asset on the date of acceptance for accounting (clause 29 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Fixed Assets).
The initial cost of fixed assets accepted for accounting in accordance with clause 10 is determined in relation to the procedure given in clause 8 of PBU 6/01 (clause 12 of PBU 6/01).
Based on the initial cost of fixed assets received by the organization under a gift agreement (free of charge), the financial results of the organization are formed during the useful life as other income. Acceptance of the specified fixed assets for accounting is reflected in the debit of the account for accounting for investments in non-current assets in correspondence with the account for accounting for deferred income, followed by reflection in the debit of the account for accounting for investments in non-current assets in correspondence with the credit for the account for accounting for investments in non-current assets (clause 29 of the Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets).
Amounts recorded on account 98 “Deferred income” are written off from this account to the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”: for gratuitously received fixed assets - as depreciation is calculated (Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts. Account 98 “Deferred income ").
Example 1.3
The organization received a fixed asset free of charge, the market value of which on the date of acceptance for accounting was 40,000 rubles. The cost of delivery of the object is 2360 rubles. (including VAT - 360 rubles). The useful life is determined to be 5 years. The object is used in auxiliary production.
Let's make accounting entries:
on the date of acceptance of the object for accounting:
Debit 08 “Investments in non-current assets” Credit 98 “Deferred income”, subaccount 2 “Free receipts”
- for the amount of the market value of the object - 40,000 rubles; Debit 08 “Investments in non-current assets” Credit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
— for the amount of the cost of delivery services — 2000 rubles;
Debit 19 “Value added tax on purchased assets” Credit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
- for the amount of VAT allocated in the supplier’s documents - 360 rubles;
Debit 01 “Fixed assets” Credit 08 “Investments in non-current assets”
— for the amount of the initial cost of the object — 42,000 rubles; Debit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” Credit 19 “Value added tax on purchased assets”
- for the amount of VAT subject to deduction - 360 rubles; on the date of payment for delivery services:
Debit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” Credit 51 “Settlement accounts”
- for the amount of funds transferred to pay for services for the delivery of the object - 2360 rubles;
on the date of depreciation calculation (in the month following the month the object was accepted for accounting):
Debit 23 “Auxiliary production” Credit 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”
- for the amount of depreciation charges - 700 rubles. (RUB 42,000: 5 years: 12 months);
Debit 98 “Deferred income”, subaccount 2 “Gratuitous receipts” Credit 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount 1 “Other income”
- for part of the amount recorded on account 98, attributable to the amount of accrued depreciation - 667 rubles. (40,000: 5 years: 12 months or 700 rubles: 42,000 rubles x 40,000 rubles).
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II. Valuation of fixed assets
7. Fixed assets are accepted for accounting at their original cost.
8. The initial cost of fixed assets acquired for a fee is recognized as the amount of the organization’s actual costs for acquisition, construction and production, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
The actual costs for the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets are:
amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller), as well as amounts paid for delivering the object and bringing it into a condition suitable for use; (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
amounts paid to organizations for carrying out work under construction contracts and other contracts;
amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of fixed assets;
Paragraph - Deleted. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
customs duties and customs fees; (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
non-refundable taxes, state duties paid in connection with the acquisition of fixed assets; (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
remunerations paid to the intermediary organization through which the fixed asset was acquired;
other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquisition, construction or production of fixed assets, except when they are directly related to the acquisition, construction or production of fixed assets.
Paragraph - Deleted. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 N 156n)
8.1. An organization that has the right to use simplified methods of accounting, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, can determine the initial cost of fixed assets: (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 16, 2016 N 64n)
a) when purchased for a fee - at the price of the supplier (seller) and installation costs (if there are such costs and if they are not included in the price); (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 16, 2016 N 64n)
b) during their construction (manufacturing) - in the amount paid under construction contracts and other agreements concluded for the purpose of acquiring, constructing and manufacturing fixed assets. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 16, 2016 N 64n)
In this case, other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets are included in expenses for ordinary activities in full in the period in which they were incurred. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 16, 2016 N 64n)
9. The initial cost of fixed assets contributed to the contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is recognized as their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
10. The initial cost of fixed assets received by an organization under a gift agreement (free of charge) is recognized as their current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting as investments in non-current assets. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
11. The initial cost of fixed assets received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the value of the assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.
If it is impossible to determine the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the value of fixed assets received by the organization under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the cost at which similar fixed assets are acquired in comparable circumstances.
12. The initial cost of fixed assets accepted for accounting in accordance with clauses 9, 10 and 11 is determined in relation to the procedure given in clause 8 of these Regulations. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
13. Capital investments in perennial plantings and for radical land improvement are included in fixed assets annually in the amount of costs related to the areas accepted for operation in the reporting year, regardless of the completion date of the entire complex of works.
14. The cost of fixed assets in which they are accepted for accounting is not subject to change, except in cases established by this and other accounting provisions (standards). (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)
Changes in the initial cost of fixed assets, in which they are accepted for accounting, are allowed in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, partial liquidation and revaluation of fixed assets. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 18, 2002 N 45n)
15. A commercial organization may revalue groups of similar fixed assets at current (replacement) cost no more than once a year (at the end of the reporting year). (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n, dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)
When making a decision on revaluation of such fixed assets, it should be taken into account that subsequently they are revalued regularly so that the cost of fixed assets at which they are reflected in accounting and reporting does not differ significantly from the current (replacement) cost.
Revaluation of an object of fixed assets is carried out by recalculating its original cost or current (replacement) cost, if this object was revalued earlier, and the amount of depreciation accrued for the entire period of use of the object. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 18, 2002 N 45n)
The results of the revaluation of fixed assets carried out at the end of the reporting year are subject to reflection in accounting separately. (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 18, 2002 N 45n, dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)
The amount of revaluation of an object of fixed assets as a result of revaluation is credited to the additional capital of the organization. The amount of revaluation of an item of fixed assets, equal to the amount of its depreciation carried out in previous reporting periods and attributed to the financial result as other expenses, is credited to the financial result as other income. (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n, dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)
The amount of depreciation of an item of fixed assets as a result of revaluation is included in the financial result as other expenses and must be disclosed in the financial statements of the organization. The amount of depreciation of an object of fixed assets is included in the reduction of the organization’s additional capital formed from the amounts of the additional valuation of this object carried out in previous reporting periods. (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 18, 2002 N 45n, dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)
When an item of fixed assets is disposed of, the amount of its revaluation is transferred from the organization's additional capital to the organization's retained earnings.
16. Item excluded. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 N 156n)
Formation of the initial cost of a fixed asset according to primary documents
Example. Situation. The organization late received a document confirming the costs of purchasing a separate piece of equipment that had already been put into operation. The accountant did not include this amount in the original cost of the property.
Example conditions. In January, Paritet LLC put into operation equipment that required installation. According to available documents, the value of the property was 30,000 rubles. (without VAT). Installation cost - 6000 rubles. (without VAT). The organization has established a useful life of 4 years for this fixed asset. The method of calculating depreciation is linear.
The accountant of Paritet LLC prepared the following entries:
Dt 07 “Equipment for installation” Kt 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” - 30,000 rubles. — equipment requiring installation has been taken into account;
D-t 08 “Investments in non-current assets” D-t 07 - 30,000 rubles. — the transfer of equipment for installation is reflected;
D-t 08 K-t 60 - 6000 rub. — installation costs are taken into account;
D-t 01 “Fixed assets” K-t 08 - 36,000 rub. — equipment has been accepted for accounting as part of fixed assets.
Every month, starting in February, the accountant calculated depreciation on this equipment using the following entries:
D-t 20 “Main production” K-t 02 - 750 rub. (RUB 36,000: 48 months) - depreciation has been calculated.
In May, the accounting department of Paritet LLC received an invoice for a separate piece of equipment that was installed during its installation, costing 8,400 rubles. (without VAT). The accountant reflected the cost of this part as part of inventories and wrote it off as expenses with the following entry:
Kit 10 “Materials” Kit 60 - 8400 rub. — the cost of the part is reflected in the inventory;
D-t 20 K-t 10 - 8400 rub. — inventories are written off for production.
The rules for determining the initial cost of fixed assets are established in clause 8 of PBU 6/01, according to which the initial cost of fixed assets acquired for a fee is recognized as the amount of the organization’s actual costs for acquisition, construction and production, excluding VAT and other refundable taxes.
According to Art. 377 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the tax base for property tax (average annual value of property) is formed based on the residual value (Article 375 of this Code).
The accountant of Paritet LLC, when accepting the fixed asset item for accounting, was unable to timely include in the initial cost all the actual costs of its acquisition. An error in assessing the value of a fixed asset led to an incorrect amount of accrued depreciation, and this, in turn, affected the residual value of the property.
Thus, the understatement of the tax base led to an understatement of the amount of tax payable to the budget.
In general, the initial cost of fixed assets accepted for accounting is not subject to change, with the exception of cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, partial liquidation and revaluation of fixed assets (clause 14 of PBU 6/01).
However, in this example we are not talking about a change in the initial value of the property, because the expense was made not after, but before the fixed asset was accepted for accounting. Therefore, having discovered a document confirming the amount of actual expenses for the acquisition of a fixed asset, the accountant had to correct the initially incorrectly formed initial cost.
If the initial cost of a fixed asset changes, then the accountant must recalculate the property tax base for all periods after putting this property into operation.
So, the error was discovered in May. In the same month, corrections should have been made to the accounting and additional property taxes should have been assessed. But first, the accountant needed to make changes to the initial cost of the main asset put into operation and correct the act of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets (Form N OS-1).
The accountant had to issue corrective entries:
D-t 10 K-t 60 - 8400 rub. — the cost of the part is excluded from the inventory;
D-t 20 K-t 10 - 8400 rub. — the cost of inventories is excluded from the cost structure;
D-t 08 K-t 60 - 8400 rub. — the amount of investments in non-current assets has been increased;
D-t 01 K-t 08 - 8400 rub. — the initial cost of the fixed asset has been increased.
Then the accountant had to recalculate the amount of monthly depreciation charges for this fixed asset, which should have been 925 rubles. [(RUB 36,000 + RUB 8,400) : 48 months].
Thus, for all months of operation, the accountant had to add additional depreciation in the amount of 525 rubles. [(925 rub. - 750 rub.) x 3 months].
The accountant prepared the following entry in this case:
D-t 20 K-t 02 - 525 rub. — additional depreciation was accrued on fixed assets for February - April.
The calculation of the tax base for the first quarter includes the residual value of fixed assets as of January 1, February 1, March 1 and April 1.
Let us assume that before the error was discovered, the average annual value of the property of Paritet LLC, indicated in the calculation of the advance payment for property tax for the first quarter, was 480,000 rubles.
The amount of the advance payment for property tax that Paritet LLC paid to the budget for this period was calculated in the amount of 2,640 rubles. (RUB 480,000 x 2.2%: 4).
After correcting the error, the average annual cost increased by 6169 rubles. ([8400 rubles + (8400 rubles - 175 rubles) + (8400 rubles - 175 rubles x 2 months)] : (3 + 1)), and the tax amount increased by 34 rubles. (RUB 6,169 x 2.2%: 4).
The accountant recorded the following entry for the amount of additional tax payment:
Dt 91 Kt 68, subaccount “Calculations for property tax of organizations” - 34 rubles. — additional assessment of property tax for the first quarter is reflected.
Residual value of property for the reporting period [column 3 Data for calculating the average annual value of property for the tax period Sec. 2 declaration] should have been indicated taking into account the increase:
— on February 1 — by 8,400 rubles;
- on March 1 - by 8225 rubles. (8400 rub. - 175 rub.);
- on April 1 - by 8050 rubles. (8400 RUR - 175 RUR x 2 months).
The average annual value of property (page 150 of the declaration) should have increased by 6,169 rubles. [(8400 rub. + 8225 rub. + 8050 rub.) : 4].
The tax base should have increased by the same amount (page 190 of the declaration).
The amount of the advance payment for property tax is calculated based on the results of each reporting period in the amount of one-fourth of the product of the corresponding tax rate and the average value of property for the reporting period (clause 4 of Article 382 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
In this example, the amount of the advance payment (page 180, column 3, section 2 of the tax calculation for the advance payment for property tax) should have increased by 34 rubles. (RUB 6,169 x 2.2%: 4).
III. Depreciation of fixed assets
17. The cost of fixed assets is repaid through depreciation, unless otherwise established by these Regulations.
For objects of fixed assets used for the implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation on mobilization preparation and mobilization, which are mothballed and not used in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, for the management needs of the organization or for provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use, depreciation is not charged. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
Depreciation is not charged for fixed assets of non-profit organizations. Based on them, information on the amounts of depreciation accrued in a straight-line manner in relation to the procedure given in paragraph 19 of these Regulations is compiled on the off-balance sheet account. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
For housing assets that are accounted for as part of profitable investments in material assets, depreciation is calculated in accordance with the generally established procedure. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
Objects of fixed assets whose consumer properties do not change over time are not subject to depreciation (land plots; environmental management facilities; objects classified as museum objects and museum collections, etc.). (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
18. Depreciation of fixed assets is calculated in one of the following ways:
linear method;
reducing balance method;
method of writing off value by the sum of the numbers of years of useful life;
method of writing off cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).
The use of one of the methods of calculating depreciation for a group of homogeneous fixed assets is carried out throughout the entire useful life of the objects included in this group.
Paragraph - Deleted. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
19. The annual amount of depreciation charges is determined:
with the linear method - based on the original cost or (current (replacement) cost (in case of revaluation) of an object of fixed assets and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this object;
with the reducing balance method - based on the residual value of the fixed asset item at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this item and a coefficient not higher than 3, established by the organization; (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
when writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life - based on the original cost or (current (replacement) cost (in case of revaluation) of an object of fixed assets and the ratio, the numerator of which is the number of years remaining until the end of the useful life of the object, and the denominator is the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life of the object.
During the reporting year, depreciation charges for fixed assets are accrued monthly, regardless of the accrual method used, in the amount of 1/12 of the annual amount.
For fixed assets used in organizations with a seasonal nature of production, the annual amount of depreciation charges on fixed assets is accrued evenly throughout the period of operation of the organization in the reporting year.
When writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of production (work), depreciation charges are calculated based on the natural indicator of the volume of production (work) in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of the fixed asset item and the estimated volume of production (work) for the entire useful life of the fixed asset item.
An organization that has the right to use simplified methods of accounting, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting, can: (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 16, 2016 N 64n)
accrue the annual amount of depreciation at a time as of December 31 of the reporting year or periodically during the reporting year for periods determined by the organization; (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 16, 2016 N 64n)
charge depreciation of production and business equipment at a time in the amount of the original cost of objects of such assets when they are accepted for accounting. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 16, 2016 N 64n)
20. The useful life of an item of fixed assets is determined by the organization when accepting the item for accounting.
The useful life of a fixed asset item is determined based on:
the expected life of the facility in accordance with its expected productivity or capacity;
expected physical wear and tear, depending on the operating mode (number of shifts), natural conditions and the influence of an aggressive environment, the repair system;
regulatory and other restrictions on the use of this object (for example, rental period).
In cases of improvement (increase) of the initially adopted standard indicators of the functioning of a fixed asset object as a result of reconstruction or modernization, the organization revises the useful life of this object.
21. Accrual of depreciation charges for an object of fixed assets begins on the first day of the month following the month in which this object was accepted for accounting, and is carried out until the cost of this object is fully repaid or this object is written off from accounting.
22. The accrual of depreciation charges for an object of fixed assets ceases from the first day of the month following the month of full repayment of the cost of this object or the write-off of this object from accounting.
23. During the useful life of an object of fixed assets, the accrual of depreciation charges is not suspended, except in cases where it is transferred by decision of the head of the organization to conservation for a period of more than three months, as well as during the period of restoration of the object, the duration of which exceeds 12 months.
24. Accrual of depreciation charges on fixed assets is carried out regardless of the results of the organization’s activities in the reporting period and is reflected in the accounting records of the reporting period to which it relates.
25. The amounts of accrued depreciation on fixed assets are reflected in accounting by accumulating the corresponding amounts in a separate account.
Types of valuation of fixed assets and calculation of average annual cost
1. Full initial cost of the fixed asset (PPC). According to it, fixed assets are accepted for accounting. PPP is the cost of construction of buildings, structures, initial purchase of equipment, at which fixed assets are included in the balance sheet of an enterprise or firm.
PPP consists of the sum: the amount of actual costs for the acquisition, construction and manufacture of an object (less VAT and other refundable taxes). The actual costs or initial cost may include:
• amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the supplier (seller);
• amounts paid to organizations under construction contracts and other agreements for transport, construction and installation work performed;
• amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of fixed assets;
• registration fees, state duties and other similar payments made in connection with the acquisition (obtaining rights to a fixed asset);
• customs duties and other payments;
• non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of fixed assets;
• other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets.
General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring fixed assets (except when they are directly related to the acquisition of fixed assets).
In the case of a gratuitous transfer of fixed assets to an organization, their PPP is determined by their market value as of the date of capitalization. These fixed assets are considered as income of the organization for one or more reporting periods and are subject to accounting as deferred income when the objects are put into operation with the subsequent deduction (during the useful life of the objects) of non-current assets in the amount of accrued depreciation on financial results organizations as non-operating income.
2. Replacement cost of fixed assets – the amount of costs in the form of depreciation charges necessary to restore fixed assets worn out during the production process, calculated taking into account current prices.
Replacement cost can be determined to obtain data on the structure of fixed assets, their dynamics, to determine the amount of depreciation charges, and the level of profitability.
3. Residual value of fixed assets - the cost of fixed assets, calculated taking into account their depreciation, equal to the original cost minus depreciation over the entire service life.
4. The salvage value of a property, plant and equipment is the amount a company expects to receive for the asset at the end of its useful life less the expected costs of disposal. If the liquidation value is insignificant (insignificant), it may not be taken into account when forming the depreciable value. If a company uses the revalued cost model, then the liquidation value is also subject to revaluation.
5. Since fixed assets are subject to movement and their value changes throughout the year, for economic calculations the average annual cost of fixed assets is used:
calculation of the average annual cost, without taking into account the month in which fixed assets were introduced or disposed of:
ASR – average annual cost
Сн.г and Ск.г - cost at the beginning and end of the year The cost at the beginning of the year is given in the problem statement. The cost at the end of the year is determined by the formula
Sk.g = Sn.g + Svved – Svyb
Swed – the cost of fixed assets introduced during the year; Disposal – the cost of fixed assets disposed of during the year.
If we take into account that the input and output of fixed assets is carried out unevenly throughout the year, you can find the average annual cost in another way:
M1 and M2 are, respectively, the number of full months from the moment of commissioning or disposal of an object (group of objects) until the end of the year.
Structure of the company's fixed assets Indicators of movement of fixed assets
The dynamics and structure of a company's cash fixed assets are characterized by indicators of their structure, condition and movement.
Structure indicators are calculated in accordance with the accepted classification of fixed assets, by calculating the share of individual groups of fixed assets in the total and expressed as percentages.
The most significant of them are:
P Initial cost –
this is the actual cost of creating fixed assets. At historical cost, fixed assets are accounted for and valued at the prices of the years in which they were created. At initial cost, this is the sum of the organization’s actual costs for the acquisition, delivery and bringing to working condition of fixed assets.
P Replacement cost –
This is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in modern specific operating conditions. Replacement cost shows how much money the company would have to spend at a given time to replace existing fixed assets that are worn out to one degree or another with the same ones, but with new ones. Replacement cost is determined by revaluation of fixed assets.
P Residual value –
This is the cost that has not yet been transferred to the finished product. The residual value is determined as the difference between the original (replacement) cost and the amount of accrued depreciation.
To assess the security of an enterprise with OS, the indicator is calculated
P capital-labor ratio is an indicator characterizing the equipment of the enterprise's employees with basic production means. It directly contributes to increased productivity. Capital-labor ratio is defined as the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed assets of an enterprise to the average annual payroll number of employees
P technical equipment of labor
Fixed asset movement ratios are of significant interest to investors and creditors when making decisions about lending and investing in the property of a given company, as they allow one to judge the value and movement of the company’s long-term assets, its business activity and the security of property.
P update factor (Cobn),
characterizing the share of new fixed assets in their total cost at the end of the year: Kobn = Cost of received fixed assets/Cost of fixed assets at the end of the period.
P fixed assets renewal period (Tobn): Tobn = Cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the period/Cost of received fixed assets.
P retirement ratio (Kv): Kv = Cost of disposed fixed assets/Cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the period.
P growth coefficient (Kpr): Kpr = Amount of increase in fixed assets/Cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the period.
P depreciation coefficient (Kizn): Kizn = Amount of depreciation of fixed assets/Initial cost of fixed assets as of the corresponding date.
P coefficient of technical suitability (Kg): Kg = Residual value of fixed assets/Initial cost of fixed assets.
Depreciation of fixed assets
Despite the fact that fixed assets are not consumed in the production process, nevertheless, their service life, as well as their ability to generate income for the company, is limited by their useful life, during which fixed assets gradually wear out and lose their properties, and their technical characteristics deteriorate , productivity decreases, so they must be eliminated and replaced with new, similar or more advanced fixed assets. This process in economics is defined as depreciation of fixed assets.
Wear is the process of gradual and expected loss of any artificially created object of functional qualities associated with its operation and/or obsolescence. Depreciation reflects the loss of the consumer properties of an object and a corresponding decrease in its value. Depreciation is not applicable to objects such as land plots and environmental management facilities.
Wear and tear can be physical and mental. Physical wear and tear is the loss of their original use value, which is why they gradually become unusable and require replacement with new ones. Thus, during operation, buildings and structures undergo gradual aging, machinery and equipment undergo material wear and tear. Physical wear and tear is caused by two factors. The first of these is the functioning of labor tools, during which mechanical wear of rubbing parts, fatigue wear of metal and wood, deformation of individual structures as a result of sedimentary phenomena, dynamic loads, shocks, etc. occurs. This is the so-called industrial wear.
The second factor of physical wear and tear is the influence of natural forces, which is expressed in corrosion of metals, weathering, destruction of wood, etc. This is the so-called
natural wear and tear.
Obsolescence - occurs before complete physical wear and tear occurs. Obsolescence, according to the nature of the reasons causing it, has two forms. The first form is depreciation, determined by a decrease in the value of these fixed assets due to a reduction in the required labor costs for their creation due to an increase in labor productivity in the industries producing these fixed assets. The second form is wear and tear due to the creation of new, more productive and advanced machines and equipment of a similar kind and purpose, which leads to the depreciation of less advanced equipment. New machines are more economical and productive.
Value Transfer Methods
In practice, all fixed assets are subject to varying degrees of wear and tear of all types, both physical and moral at the same time.
An essential issue for understanding the movement of financial flows in the process of economic activity is the separation of concepts:
P investment of funds (investment)
–
investment of funds, capital in programs, projects, business, property, securities.
P incurring costs (production costs) - full costs, costs directly related to the production of products and caused by it. There are different types of such costs. Fixed costs are costs that occur regardless of the volume of production, for example, the costs of maintaining buildings, administrative apparatus, and maintenance. Variable costs are costs directly related to the volume of production, varying depending on the volume, for example, costs of materials, raw materials, semi-finished products, piecework wages for workers. Full (total, gross) costs are the sum of fixed and variable costs. Direct production costs are the costs of producing a specific product that can be attributed directly to its cost. Average costs are the average costs per product, per unit of production (for a certain period of time, either in a batch of goods or for a group of enterprises). Operating costs are expenses associated with the operation of equipment, machines, vehicles, use, application of different types of means of production and household items. Distribution costs are the costs associated with advertising and supplying goods and services.
Thus, when purchasing fixed assets, a company makes capital investments (investments) and reflects this on its balance sheet, and then, as a result of depreciation of fixed assets, incurs costs, so it is faced with the task of showing the fact of expenses incurred in connection with depreciation of fixed assets, in order to :
P keep track of costs, plan the company’s activities for the future
P monitor the amount of funds deducted for repairs and depreciation
P provide readings as required
The economic mechanism for reimbursement of costs incurred by the manufacturer is as follows: all expenses for ordinary activities are included in the cost of production and reduce the financial result from the production and economic activities of the company. But unlike other cost items (material costs, wages, deductions, etc.), the depreciation process does not lead to an outflow of financial resources, since depreciation charges are reimbursed after the sale of products. And since these funds may be needed directly to replace worn-out equipment only after a long time and it is not advisable to accumulate them on purpose, they (like profit) serve as a source of expanded reproduction and financing the development of the organization. So, depreciation charges act as an internal source of financing the company’s costs, contribute to a change in the structure of assets and allow the purchase of new machinery and equipment without attracting funds from outside in the form of loans, borrowings and credits.
In the case of current assets, due to their consumption during the production process and gradual transformation into finished products, the cost of their costs can be calculated according to the standards that the enterprise sets independently based on the initial cost and useful life. If such a period cannot be established, then depreciation rates are calculated based on the 10-year service life of intangible assets, but not more than the life of the enterprise. And at the end of the useful life of intangible assets, depreciation is not accrued on them.
To transfer the cost of depreciation of non-current assets, it is necessary to accrue monthly depreciation amounts for intangible assets in accordance with established standards, which the enterprise includes in production costs.
The process of gradually transferring the value of an asset, used and worn out in the process of economic activity, to finished products in order to reimburse it in cash is called depreciation .
Thus, all wearing non-current assets are subject to depreciation (fixed assets, intangible assets) if their value is more than 20,000 rubles. If their PPP is less than 20,000 rubles, which is considered insignificant from the point of view of the company’s finances, they can not be depreciated, but at once and completely attributed to the cost of finished products at the time of commissioning. At the same time, this object is listed as part of inventories.
Actual depreciation may occur in different ways for different types of fixed assets, and the degree of depreciation may be higher or lower during some service periods.
Depreciation can occur linearly
Systematic write-off of equal amounts over the life of a particular asset. Write-offs typically involve depreciation and recovery of the cost of tangible assets.
Depreciation may occur at an accelerated rate
Depreciation methods in which the value of an asset is written off at a faster rate than the straight-line method of depreciation. Typically, such methods are used when calculating taxable income.
Depreciation may occur slowly
Reducing the amount of depreciation and the cost of products and services due to an increase in the service life of fixed assets compared to the standard ones, while their replacement slows down.
Depreciation can occur arbitrarily
If depreciation standards have not been established, depreciation is carried out arbitrarily.
Moreover, from the point of view of the company, its interests in choosing a depreciation method lie between two opposing aspirations:
P based on the principle of matching income and expenses
P is proportional to the volume of production
P and also for tax purposes
At the same time, state bodies regulating economic activity regulate the processes of calculating depreciation, since these processes are reflected in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and accordingly affect the taxation of the enterprise. (so that the enterprise does not hide both its income and expenses, including depreciation, since it affects the cost of products.
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IV. Restoration of fixed assets
26. Restoration of a fixed asset object can be carried out through repair, modernization and reconstruction.
27. Costs for the restoration of fixed assets are reflected in the accounting records of the reporting period to which they relate. At the same time, the costs of modernization and reconstruction of a fixed asset object after their completion increase the initial cost of such an object if, as a result of modernization and reconstruction, the initially adopted standard performance indicators (useful life, power, quality of use, etc.) of the object are improved (increased) fixed assets. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
28. Point deleted. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
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APPLICATION OF FIXED ASSETS ASSESSMENT METHODS
In accordance with clause 7 of PBU 6/01, fixed assets are accepted for accounting at their original cost. Subsequently, a commercial organization may , no more than once a year (at the end of the reporting year), revalue groups of similar fixed assets at current (replacement) cost.
In accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Statements of an Organization” (PBU 4/99), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 6, 1999 No. 43n (as amended on November 8, 2010), for the preparation of financial statements, the reporting date is considered to be the last calendar day of the reporting period. period.
According to clause 15 of PBU 6/01, revaluation is a right of the organization , not an obligation . That is, the organization independently decides whether it will revalue its fixed assets in the future or not. This decision is fixed in the accounting policy. Data on the value of revalued fixed assets are reflected as of December 31 of the reporting year, at the end of which the revaluation was carried out.
The need to revaluate fixed assets arises in connection with changes in prices for acquired (under construction) fixed assets. If revaluation is not carried out, then with an intensive rise in prices this will affect the economic results of operations. Let’s assume that at the end of the reporting period a machine worth 6 million rubles was listed on the company’s balance sheet. At the beginning of the next year, the same machine worth 12 million rubles was purchased and put on the balance sheet. If the revaluation is not carried out, the indicators of capital productivity, capital-labor ratio, capital intensity of products, as well as the base for calculating depreciation funds will be incorrect.
As practice shows, organizations revalue fixed assets in order to improve data on net assets in order to obtain loans, increase the amount of depreciation charges, increase the cost of production to reduce income tax, etc.
The organization has the right to establish a different frequency of revaluation, for example, once every few years. An important detail: if the decision to conduct a revaluation has been made, then in the future it will have to be carried out constantly. Otherwise, the value of fixed assets that have undergone revaluation may differ significantly from their current (replacement) value.
If the cost of revalued fixed assets differs slightly from the replacement cost, then the revaluation can be neglected. The regulatory documents do not indicate what is meant by the term “ insignificant ”. At the same time, the following examples are given in the Guidelines.
EXAMPLE 1
The cost of fixed assets included in a homogeneous group of objects at the end of the previous reporting year is 1000 thousand . rub . The current (replacement) cost of objects of this homogeneous group at the end of the reporting year is 1,100 thousand . rub .
The results of the revaluation are reflected in the accounting accounts and financial statements, since the resulting difference is significant ((1100 thousand rubles - 1000 thousand rubles) / 1000 thousand rubles).
Conclusion 10% difference in the cost of fixed assets is significant; it entails a revaluation of fixed assets.
EXAMPLE 2
The cost of fixed assets included in a homogeneous group of objects at the end of the previous reporting year is 1000 thousand . rub . The current (replacement) cost of objects of this homogeneous group at the end of the reporting year is 1030 thousand . rub .
The decision on revaluation is not made, since the resulting difference is not significant ((1030 thousand rubles – 1000 thousand rubles) / 1000 thousand rubles).
Conclusion : the difference in the cost of fixed assets of 3% is insignificant, and revaluation is not necessary.
Thus, according to the Guidelines, any deviation in the cost of fixed assets of less than 10% can be considered insignificant . In the specialized literature, this value is taken at 5%. In our opinion, the value of “insignificance”, when revaluation is not performed, must be reflected in the accounting policy.
V. Disposal of fixed assets
29. The cost of an item of fixed assets that is being retired or is not capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future is subject to write-off from accounting. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n)
Disposal of an item of fixed assets occurs in the event of: sale; termination of use due to moral or physical wear and tear; liquidation in case of an accident, natural disaster and other emergency situation; transfers in the form of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of another organization, a mutual fund; transfers under an agreement of exchange, gift; making contributions under a joint venture agreement; identifying shortages or damage to assets during their inventory; partial liquidation during reconstruction work; in other cases. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 2005 N 147n
30. If a fixed asset is written off as a result of its sale, then the proceeds from the sale are accepted for accounting in the amount agreed upon by the parties in the agreement.
31. Income and expenses from writing off fixed assets from accounting are reflected in accounting in the reporting period to which they relate. Income and expenses from writing off fixed assets from accounting are subject to credit to the profit and loss account as other income and expenses. (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated September 18, 2006 N 116n)
VALUATION OF FIXED ASSETS AT ORIGINAL COST
Valuation of fixed assets at their original cost depends on how they were formed by the organization.
1. In the case of acquiring fixed assets for a fee, the initial cost is the sum of the actual costs of acquisition, construction and production. The actual costs for the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets are:
- amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller), as well as amounts paid for delivering the object and bringing it into a condition suitable for use;
NOTE
If the cost of an item of fixed assets is expressed in foreign currency, then when determining the initial cost, its price paid to the seller, expressed in foreign currency, is recalculated into rubles at the rate established by the Bank of Russia on the date of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets. In the future, recalculation of the value of fixed assets due to changes in the foreign currency exchange rate is not carried out (based on clauses 4–6, 9, 10 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency” (PBU 3/2006), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 27, 2006 No. 154n (as amended on December 24, 2010));
- amounts paid to organizations for carrying out work under construction contracts and other contracts;
- amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of fixed assets;
- customs duties and customs fees (import customs duties, customs fees for customs operations);
- non-refundable taxes, state duty paid in connection with the acquisition of an object of fixed assets (for example, a state duty paid for registering the transfer of ownership of a land plot, provided that the organization considers the state registration procedure necessary to begin using the object for its intended purpose);
- remunerations paid to the intermediary organization through which the fixed asset was acquired;
- other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets (for example, anti-dumping and special duties paid to customs authorities, recycling fees, etc.).
Actual costs do not include:
- value added tax and other refundable taxes;
- general business and other similar expenses, except when they are directly related to the acquisition, construction or production of fixed assets.
2. The initial cost of fixed assets contributed to the contribution to the authorized ( share ) capital of the organization is recognized as their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization.
IT IS IMPORTANT
Clause 1 of Art. 90 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the authorized capital of limited liability companies is made up of the value of the contributions of its participants. In this case, the size of the authorized capital of the company cannot be less than the amount determined by law.
According to Art. 14 of Federal Law No. 14-FZ dated 02/08/1998 (as amended on 12/29/2015) “On Limited Liability Companies” (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 14-FZ), the authorized capital of a company is made up of the nominal value of the shares of its participants. The monetary valuation of non-monetary contributions to the authorized capital of the company is approved by a decision of the general meeting of company participants, adopted by all company participants unanimously (paragraph 1, paragraph 2, article 15 of Federal Law No. 14-FZ).
If the nominal value (increase in nominal value) of a company participant’s share in the authorized capital of the company, paid for by a non-cash contribution, is more than two hundred minimum wages established by federal law on the date of submission of documents for state registration of the company or corresponding changes in the company’s charter, such contribution must be assessed an independent appraiser (paragraph 2, clause 2, article 15 of Federal Law No. 14-FZ).
The nominal value (increase in the nominal value) of the share of a company participant, paid for by such a non-monetary contribution, cannot exceed the amount of valuation of the specified contribution, determined by an independent appraiser. At the same time, by virtue of clause 3 of the Information Letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated May 30, 2005 No. 92 “On consideration by arbitration courts of cases challenging the valuation of property made by an independent appraiser,” the monetary valuation agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization cannot differ from the value of the object assessment specified by an independent appraiser.
3. The initial cost of fixed assets received by an organization under a gift agreement ( free of charge ) is recognized as their current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting as investments in non-current assets.
4. The initial cost of fixed assets received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations ( payment ) in non-monetary means is recognized as the value of the assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of such assets is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.
If it is impossible to determine the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the value of fixed assets received by the organization under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the cost at which similar fixed assets are acquired in comparable circumstances.
Capital investments in perennial plantings and for radical land improvement are included in fixed assets annually in the amount of costs related to the areas accepted for operation in the reporting year, regardless of the completion date of the entire complex of works.
NOTE
The cost of fixed assets cannot be changed . An exception to this rule is a change in the initial cost in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, partial liquidation and revaluation of fixed assets.
Let's consider an example of reflecting the valuation of fixed assets acquired for a fee in accounting.
EXAMPLE 3
The organization acquired an item of fixed assets, the cost of which is 10,000 euros . Euro exchange rate established by the Bank of Russia:
- on the date of drawing up the transfer and acceptance certificate of the fixed asset object - 70 rubles ;
- on the date of payment for the fixed asset item - 71 rubles .
Import customs duties and customs clearance fees - RUB 100,000 .
The services of a customs representative, as well as services for storing fixed assets in a temporary storage warehouse amounted to 25,000 rubles .
In accounting, the entries will look like this:
| Contents of an accounting transaction | Debit | Credit | Amount, rub. | Primary document |
| On the date of drawing up the acceptance certificate ( rate - 70 rubles / euro ) | ||||
| The acquisition of a fixed asset item is reflected (10,000 × 70) | 08 | 60 | 700 000 | Certificate of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets |
| Paid for the services of a customs representative, as well as services for storing fixed assets in a temporary storage warehouse | 60 | 51 | 25 000 | Certificate of completion of work, bank account statement |
| Import customs duties and customs fees for customs operations are listed | 68 | 51 | 100 000 | Bank account statement |
| The cost of the customs representative service and the service for storing fixed assets in a temporary storage warehouse is included in the initial cost of the asset | 08 | 60 | 25 000 | Accounting information |
| The amount of import customs duties and customs fees for customs operations is included in the initial cost of the asset | 08 | 68 | 100 000 | Declaration of goods, accounting certificate |
| The fixed asset item is included in fixed assets (700,000 + 25,000 + 100,000) | 01 | 08 | 825 000 | Certificate of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, inventory card for accounting of fixed assets |
| On the date of payment for the fixed asset item ( rate - 71 rubles / euro ) | ||||
| A negative exchange rate difference is reflected in settlements with the seller of a fixed asset item (10,000 × (71 – 70)) | 91-2 | 60 | 10 000 | Accounting certificate-calculation |
| Payment was made to the seller of the fixed asset item (10,000 × 71) | 60 | 51 | 710 000 | Bank account statement |
Depreciation of fixed assets
All fixed assets accounted for on account 01 are divided into 3 groups in accounting:
- depreciable - those that are subject to depreciation;
- non-depreciable - not subject to depreciation;
- depreciated - depreciation is completed, the cost is transferred to expenses, but the OS continues to be used.
In turn, depreciable fixed assets are divided into certain groups according to their useful life.
The procedure for calculating depreciation of fixed assets in 2016 can be found in the material “Calculation of depreciation of fixed assets in 2016.”
