Legal regulation of fixed assets accounting

Changed criteria for classifying funds as basic

The new standard established the basic rules for accounting for fixed assets (FP). In particular, the very concept of fixed assets has changed. Now these include not only material objects, but also material values ​​(assets). That is, all the previous criteria for classification as OS remain the same. However, a new criterion has appeared - the object must have useful potential, that is, the OS is characterized by these properties:

• The object is needed to perform functions or provide relevant services.
• The object is required to pay off obligations.
• The item can be exchanged for other assets.
• The initial cost of the property can be assessed with the participation of a professional.

If an item does not meet the standards in question, it is placed in an off-balance sheet account. It should also be taken into account that the condition of mandatory state registration of rights to real estate with the Federal Bureau of Investigation has now been canceled.

The new standard has expanded the conditions for classifying OS. Now budgetary institutions can include these objects in the operating system:

• Rented.
• Receipt on the basis of a gratuitous transfer agreement.

The requirements for these items are established by the FSBU “Rent”. It is now necessary to include a number of government property as OS.

The following items will not be included in the OS:

• Biological substances intended for the manufacture of bioproducts.
• Property for further sale.

Perennial plantings, from which bioproducts will not be made, continue to remain in the structure of funds. However, it makes sense to allocate a separate account for them.

Cultural heritage objects will be included in the OS structure only if these conditions are met:

• If potential benefits can be obtained from the object.
• The item has not only cultural value, but also other useful potential.

If a cultural heritage item does not meet these criteria, it must be placed in an off-balance sheet account. If an item cannot be valued, its conditional value will be 1 ruble.

Mice - what is it, material or OS?

In tax accounting, fixed assets are understood as part of the property used as means of labor for the production and sale of goods or for managing an organization (Article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). In this case, fixed assets classified as depreciable property must meet the conditions of Article 256 of the Tax Code, which are similar to the requirements of paragraphs 4 and 18 of PBU 6/01. Note that in the classifier of fixed assets (OKOF), which is the basis for the classification of operating systems in tax accounting, devices for information processing (processors, operating devices - codes 1420263), information display devices (code 14 3020350) and input-output devices are separately identified information (code 14 3020360). Thus, in accordance with OKOF, such devices can be taken into account separately. Consequently, in tax accounting, devices (keyboard, system unit, monitor) must be taken into account as separate objects, taking into account the cost limit (clause 1 of Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). If the cost of the purchased item is less than 10 thousand rubles, then the costs of its acquisition in tax accounting are written off in full as part of material expenses (clause 1.3 of Article 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Interesting to read: Transaction to Buy an Apartment on the Secondary Market

The company can purchase components for the system unit and then assemble it (third option). In this case, surprises await her. In practice, tax authorities claim that assembling a computer is equivalent to installation work performed in-house. Accordingly, for these works it will be necessary to charge and pay VAT (clause 3, clause 1, article 146 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). To do this, the company will need to generate costs and confirm them with documents (timesheets, production sheets, acts for writing off materials, etc.). Grigory K., chief accountant: “I heard that tax authorities classify the assembly of computers as installation work. We buy components and then assemble them ourselves. We reflect the costs on account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, then put them into operation as fixed assets and write them off to account 01 “Fixed assets”. We charge depreciation every month. There are no problems if you buy the whole thing according to the documents (with assembly). But since it’s more profitable for us to buy spare parts (for price reasons), we have to do it this way.”

OS evaluation requirements

The new standard also changed the OS rating. Now there are two new operations for interacting with objects:

• Exchange actions. OS are exchanged for cash and other valuables. The cost of the item may include the cost of work performed or services provided. Exchange transactions are carried out based on market value. The OS item will be assessed based on actual costs.
• Non-exchange actions. In this case, the objects are transferred either for a nominal fee or on the basis of a gratuitous transfer agreement. The initial cost will be calculated based on the adequate value of the object.

The manager himself must determine the methods for assessing various categories. The chosen policy is reflected in the accounting policy of the entity.

Features of grouping OS objects

The standard established new principles for grouping operating systems. Previously, there were only two groups: “Non-residential objects” and “Structures”. From 2021, there will be only one group - “Non-Residential Properties”. There are no separate groups for the library collection and jewelry. They will be placed in the “Other OS” category.

A separate group has appeared for investment real estate. This includes movable objects and real estate that are intended to be rented out.

For correct accounting, already accounted objects must be moved. If objects no longer correspond to the previously selected category, you need to move them to another group. The cost of the items remains the same.

Operating assets are moved between accounts once through the “Financial total of previous periods” account. The movement is carried out on the basis of a certificate drawn up in form 0504833.

Selection of depreciation method

The innovation increases the number of methods for determining depreciation. Previously, only the linear method could be used. Currently, an accountant can use these depreciation methods:

• Linear method. Depreciation is accrued in equal installments every month. Accrual is made throughout the entire life of the facility. To determine the payment amount, you need to divide the original cost of the item by the SPI.
• Reducing balance method. Suitable for assets whose useful life is very short. Also relevant for objects used in aggressive conditions. This method is necessary for accelerated depreciation.
• A method for determining depreciation in proportion to the volume of goods. The method is relevant for items that have a certain potential. That is, the accountant knows how much goods can be produced over a certain period using the asset. To make calculations, you need to multiply the actual volume of production by the depreciation rate.

The depreciation method is chosen by the organization independently. When choosing, you need to take into account the specifics of the subject’s activities. The chosen method must be recorded in the accounting policy.

If the purpose of using an asset has changed, the method for determining depreciation can also be changed. The change is made at the beginning of the reporting period. The new standard requires determining depreciation for the following items:

• Idle.
• Temporarily not in use.
• Items intended for write-off.

The exception is items that have a residual value of zero.

The new standard has changed the initial cost for low-value items. Let's look at all the features:

• Items with an original price of up to 10 thousand rubles are placed in an off-balance account. They do not require depreciation.
• For items worth 10 thousand-100 thousand rubles, depreciation is 100% of the price on the date the object was put into use.
• If the cost of the item is more than 100 thousand rubles, depreciation is determined based on the chosen method.

The standard introduced quite a lot of new principles. All of them must be taken into account in 2021. Otherwise, a violation of the instructions will be recorded.

Fixed assets in accounting and tax accounting in 2021

The property of the institution is classified as fixed assets if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

1. The useful life is more than 12 months.
2. Provides economic benefit or has useful potential.
3. Owned by right of operational management, under a leasing agreement, or under other non-operational (financial) lease agreements.
4. You can estimate the value of an object using documents or an examination. For example, if you bought property, the cost is confirmed by primary documents - an invoice, an agreement, and if you received it free of charge - an expert opinion. The exception is cultural heritage assets.

Another main criterion is the cost of the OS. For accounting it must exceed 40 thousand rubles, for tax accounting – 100 thousand rubles.

If the assets meet all the criteria for fixed assets, but they are listed in paragraph 99 of Instruction No. 157n, still classify them as inventories. For example, disabled equipment and mobility aids for the disabled. Also do not count the following assets as OS:

• non-produced assets;
• biological assets;
• treasury property, with the exception of objects in respect of which the institution has the right of free, perpetual use;
• tangible assets, including real estate intended for sale or accounted for as part of inventories, as well as objects of unfinished construction included in capital investments.

Example.

The Alpha healthcare institution purchased medical instruments: a clamp and a tonometer. The institution will use the tools when providing medical services.

The commission determined that the tools are an asset, the cost is confirmed by the invoice and contract.

The cost of the clamp is 1600 rubles. (VAT included). The useful life according to the manufacturer's instructions is six months. This is less than 12 months, so the commission decided to include the clip in inventory.

The cost of the tonometer is 1850 rubles. (VAT included). The useful life is 36 months, which is more than 12 months. The commission included a tonometer as part of the OS.

Changes in fixed assets accounting in 2021

Since the new year, the federal standard has introduced new principles according to which operating systems are united. Now, instead of two groups “Non-residential premises” and “Structures”, one has appeared - “Non-residential premises (buildings and structures)”. For the remaining groups and which fixed assets belong to them, see Table 1.

Table 1. OS groups and examples

Accounting and tax accounting of fixed assets in 2021

Consider fixed assets in accounting and tax accounting depending on their value. Let's consider how to take into account OS at different prices, taking into account the rules of the new Federal standard..

Accounting for fixed assets, costing up to 100,000 rubles

Assets worth less than 40 thousand rubles. You can account for it in accounting in two ways:

1. Like inventories.
2. As fixed assets.

The main condition is to fix the chosen method in the accounting policy. Since the institution has the right to independently decide which method to use in accounting.

Objects worth over 40 thousand rubles. cannot be written off as expenses in one amount. Take such property into account as fixed assets.

Accounting for fixed assets costing over 100,000 rubles

In accounting, property is recognized as fixed assets if its value exceeds 40 thousand rubles. Therefore, the limit is 100 thousand rubles. doesn't play a role here. Such objects are accounted for as fixed assets and are depreciated over their useful life.

Tax accounting of fixed assets in 2021

Tax accounting of fixed assets in 2021 remains unchanged. Depreciate fixed assets if:

• they belong to the institution on the right of ownership (on the right of operational management);
• they are used to generate income;
• the useful life of the asset is more than 12 months,
• its initial cost is more than 100 thousand rubles. Apply this limit only to those fixed assets that began to be used on January 1, 2021 (no matter when purchased). Objects that were put into operation before 2021 continue to be depreciated at the same rates. And write off all objects cheaper than this amount at a time.

Crib

How to take into account property in accounting and tax accounting?

Depreciation of fixed assets in 2021 in accounting and tax accounting

In accounting in 2021, depreciation can be calculated in three ways:

• linear method;
• reducing balance method;
• proportional to the volume of production.

Advice

Specify depreciation methods in the accounting policy. Moreover, you can use all three methods for different groups of OS objects.

In tax accounting, start depreciating the fixed asset from the month following its putting into operation (clause 4 of Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The institution has the right to choose one of two methods:

The procedure for calculating depreciation depends on the group to which the property belongs. The classification of fixed assets (Table 3) was approved by the Government of the Russian Federation by Resolution No. 1 of January 1, 2002.

Table 3. Classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups

During the useful life of the asset, depreciate it. Even when the OS is idle, not used or held for subsequent transfer (write-off).

The exception is when the residual value becomes zero. In this case, stop accruing depreciation. Do the same when you write off a fixed asset from your balance sheet.

Accrue depreciation depending on the cost and category of property, taking into account the features given in Table 4.

Important to remember!

Do not charge depreciation on land plots, environmental management facilities and objects that are classified as museum objects and museum collections.

You can change the depreciation method you use over its remaining useful life. There is no need to recalculate accumulated depreciation.

Table 4. Features of depreciation calculation

Starting from January 1, 2021, depreciation must continue to be charged for all fixed assets that are under conservation. So, if an object was mothballed until 2021 for a period of more than three years and depreciation was not accrued, then from January 1, 2021, depreciation will be charged on such fixed asset.

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Documents for asset accounting in 2021

Document any movement of fixed assets. To do this, use the official forms approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2015 No. 52n.

The main forms are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Basic documents for asset accounting in 2021

The inventory card for recording a fixed asset item in the OS-6 form is not mandatory for use from January 1, 2013.

Postings for fixed assets in 2021

The main entries for accounting for fixed assets upon receipt are shown in the table below.

Table 6. Typical entries for accounting for fixed assets

* If the property is included in real estate and (or) especially valuable movable property, which the institution does not have the right to dispose of independently, in accounting it is necessary to adjust the indicators of account 210 06 (upon receipt - Dt 0 401 10 172 Kt 0 210 06 660, upon disposal - using the method "red reversal")

Source: https://www.budgetnik.ru/art/102739-uchet-osnovnyh-sredstv-v-2021-godu