What is the difference between a CEO and a director? Powers, rights and obligations, procedure for appointment and dismissal

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Children spend most of their time at school. The director and teachers of the educational institution take responsibility for the safety of students. Staff must adhere to the standards of professional ethics in relation to their clients and do everything possible to effectively obtain knowledge. Unfortunately, various unpleasant situations can occur during training. From a legal point of view, the state regulates the relations between the parties to the educational process and guarantees the protection of the rights and interests of minor citizens.

Attention

If the school director exceeds or fails to fulfill his official duties, the parent has the legal right to file a complaint against him.

Why can you complain about the school principal?

Based on the provisions of Federal Law No. 273-FZ of December 29, 2012 “On the Education of the Russian Federation,” the student has certain rights guaranteed to him at the legislative level. Their violation will be the basis for an official complaint from the parents.

Attention! If you have any questions, you can chat for free with a lawyer at the bottom of the screen or call Moscow; Saint Petersburg; Free call for all of Russia.

Reasons for filing a complaint against the school principal:

1. In case of physical or moral violence (insult, humiliation, extortion) applied to children by staff or other students.
2. If the teacher is biased towards the student and lowers grades without proper grounds.
3. Refusal of the director to provide educational services or poor quality of presentation of material.
4. If the director denies the child an adjusted educational program due to health reasons.
5. If a student is denied an accelerated form of education, within the framework of the applicable educational program.
6. In case of refusal to provide the child with the required honey. assistance, psychological and pedagogical support.
7. Refusal to transfer to another school.
8. Refusal to provide preferential meals.
9. Injuries during a physical education lesson due to the negligence of the teacher or the director himself.
10. "Voluntary" financing of parents.

IMPORTANT
There are other academic entitlements that a student may qualify for. If the school does not comply with sanitary standards, or the furniture is broken, this will also be a reason for a complaint. A case where a child was vaccinated without the consent of adults is considered unacceptable and requires sanctions from the director.

Directors or Directors

How to spell the word director in the plural: directors or directors? Let's explore this question.

What's the rule

According to the rules of modern Russian language, directors and directors are the correct options. But we must take into account that the first option ending in “y” is older than the second option ending in “a”. Now in Russian grammar there is a tendency to replace the outdated version of the word with a more modern form.

Example sentences

1. Directors of food supply companies discussed mutually beneficial cooperation.
2. The mayor of the city held a meeting, which was attended by directors of enterprises.
3. The directors of the holding took part in the election of the chairman of the board of directors.

Where to write a complaint against the school principal?

In the event of an illegal action on the part of a teacher towards a child, it is worth first talking to the director. If it is not possible to change the situation within the school, it makes sense to draw up a written appeal to the relevant authorities with a request to solve the problem.

Where to file a complaint against the director:

• City or regional department of education (in Moscow, department of education).
• Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
• Rospotrebnadzor.

If a child is regularly subjected to beatings or extortion within the walls of an educational institution, and a complaint to the Ministry of Education has not had the desired effect, it would be logical to file a complaint with law enforcement agencies, namely:

• police;
• prosecutor's office;
• court.

Please note:
A letter of complaint against the director can be sent either by regular mail or by email. There are online reception desks on the official Internet resources of regional and municipal educational authorities for convenient work with citizens’ requests. You can also take the letter of appeal personally to the authority.

Collective claim from parents

The best effect when filing a complaint against the school principal will be achieved if it is initiated by several parents at once.

The structure of a collective complaint against a director consists of the following details:

1. against whom the claim is being made;
2. destination;
3. name and address of the school;
4. Full name of the parent, his contact information;
5. Main thought;
6. the essence of the request;
7. subject of request
8. signatures of applicants, date.

At the top of the document it is indicated to which institution the claim is addressed, by whom and to whom it was made. It is necessary to write the full name of the educational institution, the initials of the director, as well as the details of the applicants. If there are a lot of them, you can generalize, for example, “parents of students in grade 5 “A”. The main idea should describe the essence of the problem. After the word “Complaint”, as a rule, the narrative part begins from the next line with the following words: “We, representatives (parents) of students of grade 3 “b” of secondary school No. 2 of Yekaterinburg...”.

After stating the problem, the essence of the request is indicated, and additional references are made to the legal framework. At the end of the document, the initials and signatures of the parents must be recorded, and the date must be indicated.

Attention

A collective complaint against the director should be filed in two copies.

Complaint to RONO

The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation is divided into regional departments. When filing a complaint against the school director, it is advisable to address the complaint directly to the district department that oversees the educational processes.

Attention

There is no strict form for applying to RONO, but there are basic rules for drawing up the document. The letter must be written in a business style on an A4 sheet, handwritten or printed. The essence of the problem is stated briefly, but using all relevant facts. Insults and overly emotional storytelling are not allowed.

Details of the complaint against the director in RONO:

1. against whom the claim is being made;
2. the body to which the letter is addressed (in this case, RONO);
3. school name, address;
4. The applicant's full name, address and telephone number;
5. the word "Complaint";
6. narrative part;
7. the essence of the request;
8. links to regulations;
9. signature and number.

Additional information
The difference from a collective claim against the director is one specific claimant (parent) who wants to achieve justice.

List of job responsibilities of the CEO

The responsibilities of a director are usually specified in his job description. It is important to study this document carefully before assuming the rights of a general manager. The specific list of items may vary depending on the area of ​​operation of the company and the types of its activities. But we can highlight some points common to all cases:

• Control over the production, economic and financial activities of the company;
• Organization of coordinated functioning of all departments and divisions of an economic entity, ensuring the achievement of maximum results;
• Organization of activities in the field of formation of an effective accounting system at the enterprise, the result of these actions should be the submission of reliable reports to regulatory government agencies and company managers (for them to make adequate decisions);
• Control over the timely and adequate preparation of the company’s staffing table, approval of job descriptions for the company’s personnel;
• Formation of the company’s personnel, which would include qualified specialists performing their work with high quality;
• Providing the company with all the material resources necessary for its work;
• Organization of events whose purpose is to ensure the safety of the organization’s property on its balance sheet;
• If it is necessary to defend the truth in court, the general director is obliged to ensure adequate protection of the interests of the business entity;
• Monitoring the proper implementation of current laws by subordinates in the process of performing their labor duties;
• Organization of proper execution of decisions adopted by the meeting of shareholders, board of directors or other collegial body of the company of the same purpose;
• Timely provision of subordinate managers with up-to-date and reliable information about the state of affairs in the company (this information is necessary for managers to generate competent decisions).

Complaint against the school principal to the Department of Education

In Moscow, the city’s education department deals with general education issues. It is there that it is worth addressing any complaints related to the implementation of educational activities to the residents of the capital.

For your information

The general form of filing a complaint differs from previous samples only in the recipient. When indicating to whom the letter is addressed, you must write “Moscow Department of Education.” Otherwise, all details remain unchanged.

Making a complaint against the school principal will not be difficult for those who actively use the Internet. The department has its own online resource, where a special form is allocated for citizens’ requests. It is necessary to indicate the applicant’s information and select the topic of the question from those proposed.

Complaint about biased attitude of the school principal

There are cases when a teacher unreasonably lowers a student’s grades and is biased towards the child for some subjective reason. The student withdraws into himself, he is once again afraid to turn to the teacher, ask a question, feeling a negative attitude towards him. This results in a decline in academic performance.

Additional Information

There are situations when a child is subject to moral pressure, humiliation from peers, and the school staff refuses to properly protect the interests of the bullied student. If conversations with the school director lead nowhere, it is worth resorting to legal methods of influencing the management of the educational institution.

In paragraph 2 of Art. 66 of the Federal Law “On Education” states that the student must be provided with conditions for developing interest in the educational process and developing creative abilities. Those. teachers must take care of creating favorable conditions for acquiring knowledge.

Article 3 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child states that representatives of public or private institutions in relation to children must take the best possible care to ensure their interests.

For your information

When filing a complaint due to bias on the part of a teacher or school management, it is necessary to describe the essence of the problem, indicating specific facts and the names of teachers who do not comply with professional ethics standards. You can refer to the above mentioned regulations. Standard details are used in the letter.

How to register yourself as a director (manager) of an individual entrepreneur and other employees.

Let's consider the possibility and rules for registering labor relations for an individual entrepreneur.

It should be noted that an entry in the work book of an individual entrepreneur can only be made if he is an employee of another Employer. This is not prohibited by law.

An individual entrepreneur is not an Employer for himself, and, accordingly, an Employee.

I understand that after reading this phrase, many people attack me (the co-author of the article) with anger: how is it possible, why can’t you make an entry in your work book?

I will try to explain this legal incident. But before that, I want to immediately reassure all entrepreneurs:

Your insurance period is counted, pension points are awarded, and pension savings are formed.

In accordance with Article 20 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the parties to the labor relationship are the Employee - an individual who has entered into an employment relationship with the Employer, and the Employer - an individual and legal entity who has entered into an employment relationship with the Employee.

Employers are recognized as:

• legal entities (companies) entitled to enter into employment contracts and entered into labor relations with an individual – the Employee;
• individuals registered in the prescribed manner as an individual entrepreneur who have entered into labor relations with employees to carry out their activities (individual entrepreneurs - Employers);

Thus, the fact becomes obvious that the same individual cannot exist simultaneously in two statuses: Employee and Employer.

PLEASE ATTENTION: This only applies to the situation when, say, individual entrepreneur Businessman Kurier Bukhgalterievich cannot be both an Employee and an Employer for himself at the same time. But no one forbids K.B. Businessman. work, for example, at LLC “Statistics”, where he will be hired at the “main place of work”, an employment contract will be concluded with him and an entry will be made in the work book.

CONCLUSION: In the sense given by the interpretation of Article 20 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, an entrepreneur is not an Employee for himself, which means that an entry in the work book should not be made, since the legislation does not provide for such a possibility for him.

However, if an individual entrepreneur has employees on his staff with whom an employment contract has been concluded, then all the necessary entries are made in their work book, and the books themselves are maintained in accordance with current legislation.

If an individual entrepreneur does not work for another employer, and accordingly there are no entries in the work book, then there is nothing wrong with that, since it was already written above that the insurance period and length of service are regulated by pension legislation.

Order on assuming the position of director. How to apply.

Nevertheless, I would like to note that the order to assume the position of director (general director) differs from other personnel orders, so for information we will tell you here how to draw up this document in relation to a legal entity using the example of a Limited Liability Company with the code name “Contrast” "

1. At the top of the order sheet we write the name of the company (in our case, Contrast LLC).
2. We indicate the place where the document was drawn up (in our case it will be the city of Moscow).
3. We indicate the date of preparation of the document. As a rule, it coincides with the date of approval of the minutes of the meeting of founders.
4. We indicate the document number. When a new company is created, this will be No. 1.
5. In the text of the order we indicate in the first paragraph the basis on which the director assumes the position of director.
6. In the second paragraph, we indicate that the general director will combine the position of chief accountant (of course, if this is the case, and not a separate person will do this.
7. The next paragraph contains information that the newly appointed general director assumes control over the execution of the order.
8. The last paragraph of the order indicates the date from which this order comes into force.
9. Next, write the word general director, sign and decipher the signature.
10. This type of order is not personnel, but has the status of an order for the main activity, therefore it is registered and stored in the constituent documents of the company.

And here, strictly speaking, is an example of an order for the assumption of the position of a general director (director)

prikaz-o-vstuplenii-v-dolzhnost-generalnogo-direktora.docx

Claim for insult

In paragraph 9 of Art. 34 of the Federal Law “On Education” states that a student has the right to be treated with respect by others. This is especially true for teachers and school principals. The teacher must not allow insults, moral or physical violence against the student. In case of non-compliance with the rights of the child, the mother or father has the legal right to file a complaint against the school manager.

Referring to paragraph 9, Art. 34 Federal Law No. 273 “On Education”, the essence of the problem and requirements should be described in the text part of the complaint. The details remain unchanged:

1. against whom the claim is being made;
2. destination;
3. name and location of the educational institution;
4. Full name of the parent, his contact information;
5. the word "Complaint";
6. main part;
7. the essence of the request;
8. links to legislative articles;
9. signature and date.

Anonymous complaint against the school principal

There are situations when the complaint against the school director does not indicate the author. This happens because parents worry about the future fate of their son or daughter within the school walls. Formally, in this case, the appeal cannot be accepted into the document flow of the education department, due to the absence of important details. Information about the sender is needed so that in the future they will send him a response about the measures taken against the offending teacher or director.

IMPORTANT

In practice, if the subject of an anonymous complaint against the school principal is a fairly serious offense against a child, such a statement cannot be rejected. Abuse of authority by training staff should be investigated.

An anonymous complaint against the head of a school is drawn up according to a general template, all basic details are used, with the exception of the sender’s last name and personal information.

Complaint against the school principal from teachers

There are cases when a school director exceeds his authority in relation to his subordinates - teachers. Allows rudeness and rudeness towards them, violates labor laws, or insists on the use of ineffective teaching methods that run counter to the current educational program. Based on Law No. 273-FZ “On Education” and the Labor Code of the Russian Federation No. 197-FZ Art. 21, a teacher has the right to file a complaint against the school director and demand the necessary measures to resolve labor disputes.

Additional Information

You can submit a written complaint to the regional department of education, the prosecutor's office or the state labor inspectorate. The choice of addressee depends on the nature of the controversial issue.

Details of complaints against the head (school director) from teachers:

1. Addressee (name of authority).
2. Full name of the director, his position, name of the school.
3. Full name of the sender or a list of names, in the case of a collective complaint.
4. Sender's contact details.
5. The word "Complaint".
6. The main part of the text (indicating the essence of the violation with facts).
7. Regulatory framework.
8. Date and signature.

Director for individual entrepreneurs.

As practice shows, many newly registered individual entrepreneurs ask themselves: who is the director of the individual entrepreneur? I probably. And in this they will be right and wrong at the same time.

The fact is that the legislation provides that an individual entrepreneur is already the sole owner of the business, which means there is no need, and most importantly, there is no legal moment when it is necessary to “appoint yourself” as a director.

It is worth understanding here the difference with a legal entity. The status there is completely different. A legal entity is a certain status within which everything is subject to the current legislation and the main document of the legal entity - the Charter.

For example, one of the important and mandatory sections of the Charter is precisely the moment of the senior leader.

The law does not prohibit either one of the founders of the company or a hired manager from having this status.

In this case, the sole executive body of the company will in any case be a hired person. This could be one of the business owners, but it could also be a completely different person.

There are such legal entities, and these are mainly limited liability companies, where there is one founder and, after registration, one participant, respectively. And then the question arises, who will be the director?

There are only two ways:

• the founder appoints himself as general director and acts alone, including when making decisions. At the same time, he signs an employment contract with himself;
• appoints another person with whom he signs an employment contract on behalf of the founder.

Apparently this is where the belief came from that an individual entrepreneur must appoint himself as a director and hire him.

This is by no means true, so let’s dispel the “misconceptions”.

An individual entrepreneur, by law, is already the owner of a business; he cannot hire himself, and accordingly there is no point in issuing any order on hiring.

An individual entrepreneur works “for himself”, but can hire employees in accordance with the law.

If an individual entrepreneur hires workers, then it is reasonable to draw up a staffing table, but first he has the right to enter a position, for example “Manager” or “Administrator”.

An individual entrepreneur may not directly deal with affairs, entrusting them to his assistant. However, of course, he can appoint him as a director, but it is better to avoid confusion, call him differently, but so that there is an understanding of the leadership direction.

Complaint to the prosecutor's office

Submitting a written complaint to higher law enforcement agencies occurs in the event of a serious offense against a child, when an appeal to the department or the Ministry of Education was not effective. The prosecutor's office is a government agency that oversees the implementation of the law by officials. An investigation should be initiated upon the fact of a violation.

Details when filing a complaint to the prosecutor's office against the school director:

1. Law enforcement agency name and address.
2. Contact details of the person who filed the complaint, his last name, initials, address and telephone number.
3. The narrative part indicates the essence of the offense with the names of the persons involved, and witnesses can be mentioned. It is necessary to indicate what measures were taken to resolve the issue.
4. Number and signature.

A complete list of the functions of the CEO

A person applying for the position of general director should have an idea of ​​what functions are usually assigned to this official:

• Monitoring compliance with legal regulations during the operation of the company;
• Management of the production and economic life of the organization in compliance with the provisions of the Charter;
• Implementation of organizational measures, the purpose of which is to achieve effective and coordinated work of all structural units of the company;
• Ensuring the execution of decisions made by the meeting of shareholders, the board of directors or other collegial body of the company.

Responsibility of the school director

When carrying out his professional activities, the head of the school must rely on the legislative framework, namely: the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the Law “On Education”, local regulations, the charter of the school, etc.

Responsibilities of the school director:

Attention
The director is the head of the educational institution and is responsible for the actions of teachers in relation to schoolchildren. He should not allow violence, insult and humiliation, as well as extortion against children.

Director as a profession.

Every ordinary employee of any enterprise probably dreams of becoming a director. Significance, power, increased salary, and some other privileges always accompany this position. But we must not forget about the high responsibility of the manager, both to ordinary employees of his organization, business owners (if the organization is commercial), and to government regulatory authorities. Being a director is a very difficult and nervous job, requiring certain business qualities and complete dedication to your work.

As a rule, in small private companies there is only one director. He exercises general management and control over all work and activities of the enterprise. Along with the expansion of the organization, an increase in the number of employees, and the opening of branches, the director necessarily has an additional amount of work to do. One person can no longer cope with this volume, and other director positions responsible for a certain direction in the company’s work are included in the staff. So there are different directors. Let's name some of the most common director positions:

• CEO. This is usually the most important leader of the company. It is also called the Sole Executive Body of the company (partnership, etc.) in the organization’s Charter and in legal slang.
• Commercial Director. This is, as a rule, the chief assistant to the general director, who is responsible for the commercial component of the organization’s activities and determines the strategy for commercial activities.
• Financial Director. The manager responsible for controlling the organization's cash flows.
• Director of Business Development. He is responsible for the effectiveness of actions aimed at expanding the business.
• Executive Director. This manager is responsible for almost all processes. During the times of the USSR, and even now in government organizations, this position is referred to as deputy director for general issues.
• HR Director As a rule, this manager develops and develops the personnel strategy of the enterprise and carries out personnel management.

Let's take a closer look at the functions and responsibilities of people holding these responsible positions.

CEO.

The general director is the most important leader of the organization, a hired person, but in some cases he can be appointed (elected) from among the founders (shareholders, etc.). All other responsible full-time and freelance employees are subordinate to him. He has the right of first signature on all financial documents, and also acts on the basis of the Charter without a power of attorney on all issues relating to the enterprise. All the most significant and responsible events carried out in the company, personnel changes, financial movements, etc., occur only with his knowledge and on his order. The responsibilities of the CEO typically include the following functions:

• General control of the enterprise's activities.
• Coordination of all structures that make up the enterprise.
• Planning the long-term development of the enterprise and monitoring the implementation of this plan.
• Ensuring timely cash flow for all financial obligations of the enterprise.
• Representing your company at all official events, participating in strategic negotiations regarding its activities.

In some cases, the position of general director can be combined with the position of chief accountant.

As a rule, this happens in small companies where accounting is not very extensive.

Commercial Director.

In different organizations, the areas of activity for which the commercial director is responsible may differ slightly. But at its core, the person holding this position is, of course, one of the key figures in the organization and, almost always, is the right hand of the CEO. This manager can also be called the first deputy general director, but to improve the status of the position, many companies call the “second person” of the company commercial director. The main responsibilities of this manager, as a rule, include:

• Working out all the details of the company's strategic development.
• Organization of sales of the company's products and monitoring the effectiveness of this process.
• Organizing and conducting marketing activities aimed at increasing the conversion of advertising campaigns.
• Close work with suppliers.
• If a company is engaged in any production, then he, together with technologists, is responsible for working out all actions aimed at reducing production costs.
• General control over the logistics of the enterprise - the operation of warehouses, organizing the delivery of goods, receiving components, etc.

During the operation of the enterprise, the commercial director periodically has other responsibilities related to current work issues. Noting the entire volume of tasks assigned to this manager, it is quite logical that only a comprehensively developed person who is well versed in the specifics of the enterprise’s activities is appointed to this position.

Financial director.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the work carried out in the organization by the financial director. After all, he controls the movement and distribution of the company’s funds. If an enterprise is compared to the human body, then the finance director is responsible for its circulatory system. The main functions of this manager are as follows:

• Coordinating work with credit and other financial institutions on behalf of your company.
• Control over enterprise investments.
• Analysis of the effectiveness of the financial activities of your enterprise.
• Calculation of the profitability of the organization’s activities and implementation of actions aimed at increasing it.
• Analysis of the economic efficiency of the activities of separate divisions of the organization.
• Takes a leading part in improving the credit policy of the organization.

The manager holding such a position is, as a rule, a person with a higher economic education and sufficient experience in the financial sector. His professionalism often plays a decisive role in certain issues of strategic planning for enterprise development.

Director of Development.

Every business, every production should not stand still. They must develop and move forward, achieving the goals outlined when planning activities. It is the development director who is responsible for actions that involve expanding and strengthening the organization. His responsibilities typically include the following:

• Determination of long-term and intermediate goals of the organization.
• Study and thorough analysis of new directions for the company's development.
• Studying and planning the company’s entry into new markets.
• Adjusting the interaction of enterprise structures to achieve greater efficiency of their activities.
• Organization of various presentations for the top management of the enterprise regarding issues of its development.

Typically, young, ambitious top managers who keep up with the times are appointed to this position.

Executive Director.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of this manager. Perhaps this position in some cases turns out to be more significant than the same commercial director, because if we simply decipher this position in the company, then in essence it can be called “everyone’s mother” or “everyone’s dad.” And all because the responsibilities include quite a lot of functions:

• together with the development director, determines the company’s strategic development program;
• resolving administrative and economic issues;
• ensuring the free functioning of all divisions of the company;
• exercising general control over the activities of all divisions of the company, with the exception of those controlled personally by the CEO;
• carries out other functions that are established in each company individually.

HR Director

This position became a kind of continuation of the functionality of the HR department.

Modern business processes have led to the fact that in order to successfully conduct business, it is necessary to very correctly build a personnel management structure, as the main driving force of any enterprise.

At first it all started with the modernization of HR departments to personnel management services, etc., but all this “colossus” in large companies, as well as those where they understand the importance of competent human resource management, is led by the HR director.

Here are some of the functions of this manager:

• budgeting;
• work on personnel forecasting and planning;
• formation, use and development of personnel;
• development and implementation of personnel strategy;
• formation and development of corporate culture;
• other directions.

What should the answer be?

According to Part 1 of Article 12 of Federal Law No. 59 of May 2, 2006 “On the procedure for considering appeals from citizens of the Russian Federation,” a response to a complaint must be received within 30 days from the date of filing. The return letter should provide an explanation of the substance of the issues raised in the appeal. The official response also indicates the measures taken aimed at restoring or protecting the violated rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the student. If the letter is forwarded to other competent authorities, it must be noted where exactly it was forwarded.

Additional Information

If after a month a response from the education department has not been given, you should contact higher authorities, namely the prosecutor’s office or court.

Terms of reference

The manager's terms of reference are much broader than those of other employees of the organization. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and certain federal laws on legal entities, the manager is granted, for example, the following rights:

• represent the interests of the organization and make transactions on its behalf (clause 1, clause 3, article 40 of the Federal Law of 02/08/1998 No. 14-FZ (hereinafter referred to as Law No. 14-FZ), paragraph 3, clause 2, article 69 of the Federal Law dated December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ);
• issue powers of attorney for the right of representation on behalf of the organization (clause 4 of article 185.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, subclause 2 of clause 3 of article 40 of Law No. 14-FZ);
• approve the staff of the organization (paragraph 3, paragraph 2, article 69 of Law No. 208-FZ);
• issue orders on the appointment of employees to positions, on their transfer and dismissal, apply incentive measures and impose disciplinary sanctions (clause 3, clause 3, article 40 of Law No. 14-FZ);
• issue orders and give instructions that all employees are required to follow (paragraph 3, paragraph 2, article 69 of Law No. 208-FZ).

Thus, the peculiarity of the legal status of the head of an organization is as follows: he is subject to the norms of labor law, as an employee who has entered into labor relations with an employer - a legal entity on the basis of an employment contract, as well as the norms of civil legislation and laws on legal entities, as to the executive body of a legal entity (Part 1 of Article 273, Article 274 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Clause 4 of Article 53 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).